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Intb 


INTRODUCTION. 

♦         ■ 

I  HAVE  been  repeatedly  solicited  to  prepare  a  popular 
work  on  the  mineral  fountains  of  Saratoga  Springs,  and  to 
point  out  the  places  of  interest  within  the  limits  of  the  county 
of  Saratoga.  This  I  have  endeavored  to  do,  and  the  work  is 
respectfully  submitted  to  the  public,  by  the 


Saratoga  Springs,  1859. 


AUTHOR. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1859, 

;    ,  By  B.  L.  ALLEN,  •;,  5-;^ 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court;  of  the  Northern  District  of  New-York. 


\ 


V 


^<y^ 


ir 


j«. 


\ 


■'m<- 


HAND-BOOK  OF  SARATOGA, 


AMD 


STRANGERS'  GUIDE. 


/ 


B7 


/ 


R.    L.    ALLEN,     M.     D. 


"  Ho  sendeth  the  springs  into  the  Talleys,  which  run  among  the  hill:   '— PsA.  civ.  10. 


^  or  (;o>-:s. 

/^j>- CCf-'YRIGH  r   V  ■ 


u,i^ 


Ian 

ph 

the 
Ha^ 
to- 
ogi 
W 
Sa 
to 
th 

th 

DC 

ro 
ha 
sh 
er 


Ifefo-ITorh: 

W.  H.  ARTHUR  &   CO.,  PRINTERS  AND  STATIONERS, 

No.  89  NASSAC  AND  66  LIBERTY  STREETS. 

.  ';■■    1859. 


in 


v.- 


TOGA. 


E. 


D  . 


lill:    '— PsA.  civ.  10. 

^  coF^Yr^:3n  r  v  \ 


TATIONERS, 


HAND-BOOK  OF  SARATOGA. 


CHAPTER   I. 

Saratoga.— This  is  an  Indian  word  of  the  Iroquois 
language.  And  the  inflections  oga  and  aga  are  local 
phrases  and  only  mean  place.  And  in  the  same  sense 
the  inflection  aga  is  used  in  the  words  On-ond-aga  and 
Sac-and-aga.*  But  what  meaning  the  Indians  attached 
to  the  inflections Sar-fli!  or  Sar-agh,  in  the  word  Sar-at- 
oga  or  Sar-agh-oga,t  we  have  not  been  able  to  learn. 
We  know  of  the  locality  to  which  they  applied  the  word 
Saraghtoga,  that  it  was  a  tract  of  land  lying  from  forty 
to  fifty  miles  north  from  Albany,  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Hudson  river.l: 

There  was  doubtless  a  signiflcancy  in  the  name,  for 
the  region  was  held  in  high  estimation  by  its  immediate 
occupants,  and  its  merits  were  not  unknown  to  sur- 
rounding tribes,  as  its  traditionary  history,  so  far  as  it 
has  been  discovered,  fully  assures  us ;  and  as  is  also 
shown  by  the  public  proceedings  which  were  had  in  ref- 
erence to  it,  during  the  early  settlements  of  the  county. 
This  peculiar  tract  of  country,  which  was  of  so  much 
importance  to  a  people  in  a  primitive  state  of  society,  lost 

*  Henry  R.  Sckooloraft's  letter  to  the  author. 

t  lu  some  of  the  diahcts  the  inflection  "  Sarngh,"  means  salt.     Ifthis 
is  the  meaning,  Sarnghtoga  would  mean  the  place  of  salt  springs. 
t  Documentary  History  of  N.  Y.,  vol.  i.,  p.  156. 


V 


i-'i^^ S^i "■;  C^^  ~»- 


*  nANJD-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 

none  of  its  great  value  by  being  transferred  to  an  enlight- 
ened nation.  Wild  forests  spread  over  a  varied  land- 
soapo,  consisting  of  table-lands,  which  sloped  gently 
toward  the  banks  of  the  rivers  ;  while  mountain  ridges 
raised  their  bold  fronts  in  the  distant  background,  and 
gave  origin  to  the  multiplied  rivulets,  creeks,  and  streams, 
which  traver.se  in  circuitous  lines  the  whole  iace  of  the 
country,  where  many  a  mirrored  lake  lay  sweetly  re- 
posing in  the  midst  of  the  tablelands,  and  as  so  many 
eyes  in  the  face  of  the  landscape,  imparted  life  and 
beauty  to  its  features. 

Such  a  country  as  this  could  not  but  bo  well  calcu- 
lated to  supply  with  food  a  race  of  men  like  the  Indians 
of  North  America. 

The  mountain  ranges  and  table-lands  were  well  sup- 
plied with  moose,  deer,  wolves,  bears,  foxes,  rabbits,  and 
birds ;  the  rivers  also  furnished  a  great  variety  of  fish 
and  water  fowl ;  and  the  productive  soil  gave  them  am- 
ple returns  for  all  the  seed  committed  to  its  bosom. 
With  little  care,  therefore,  and  only  pleasurable  exertion, 
were  the  Indians  of  this  region  furni.?hed  with  food,  in 
an  abundance  and  variety  not  undesirable  to  civilized 
man  of  the  present  period.  So  also  the  pelts  of  the 
deer,  the  wolf,  the  fox,  and  the  bear,  furnished  ample 
protection  for  their  persons,  against  the  greatest  severi- 
ties  of  this  climate. 

On  the  introduction  of  civilized  man  to  these  wilds, 
they  were  found  to  be  no  less  adapted  to  his  wants  and 
necessities,  than  thoy  had  been  to  his  savage  predeces- 
sors. They  furnished  him  as  much  food  as  they  had 
previously  done  the  Indian.     And  in  addition  he  made 


\ 


^ 


iiigi 

rior 
skir 
don 
mai 
trip 
food 
sup 
sar3 
waj 
Anc 
turl 
imri 
tati 
A 
mer 
site: 
rigi 
plie 
the 
to  e 
ship 
mar 
pliei 
not 
belii 

E 
in  C 
war 
etru 


HAND- BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


oan  cnlight- 
rariod  land- 
aped  gently 
ntain  ridges 
n'ound,  and 
ind  streams, 
lace  of  the 
sweetly  re- 
as  so  many 
;ed  life  and 

well  calcu- 
the  Indians 

re  well  sup- 
rabbits,  and 
•iety  of  fish 
0  them  am- 
its  bosom. 
)le  exertion, 
ith  food,  in 
to  civilized 
)olts  of  the 
shed  ample 
itest  severi- 

hese  wilds, 
wants  and 
;e  pvedeces- 
is  they  had 
n  he  made 


\ 


highways,  by  means  of  which  he  penetratod  the  inte- 
rior of  the  country,  and  giithered  up  the  rich  furs  and 
skins  which  were  so  abundant  throughout  this  wide 
domain.  These  rich  products  ho  bore  away  to  the  groat 
marts  of  trade  in  his  little  water  craft ;  on  his  return 
trip  loading  his  boat  with  all  kinds  of  implements  and 
food  necessary  for  the  white  man,  but  which  were  not 
supplied  in  the  interior.  Thus  all  the  appliances  neces- 
sary for  the  development  of  the  country  soon  found  their 
way  along  the  rivers  far  into  the  interior  of  the  forest. 
And  the  waterfalls  which  had  so  long  remained  undis- 
turbed, rapidly  became  active  agents  in  reducing  this 
immense  country  from  its  wilderness  state  to  the  habi- 
tation of  a  civilized  people. 

And  when  the  agriculturist  first  made  his  invest- 
ments in  /.lis  new  country,  we  find  he  selected  the  very 
sites  which  had  been  previously  occupied  by  the  abo- 
riginal inhabitants.  And  the  wild  forest  which  sup- 
plied the  Indian  with  objects  of  the  chaso,  furnished 
the  civilized  man  with  the  variety  of  lumber  necessary 
to  construct  his  houses,  enclose  his  farms,  and  build  his 
ships.  These  facts  remind  us  that  the  real  wants  of 
man  in  the  different  conditions  of  society,  are  to  be  sup- 
plied from  the  same  source,  and  perhaps,  after  all,  are 
not  so  very  unlike  as  some  persons  may  he  willing  to 
believe. 


Early  Settlement. — In  the  year  1687,  the  FrtCiL 
in  Canada  had  collected  six  or  seven  hundred  Indiaa 
warriors  about  them  for  the  purpose  of  religious  in- 
etruotions,  and  to  increase  their  military  strength,     it 


)\ 


\ 


0 


IIAND-DOOK    OI-    SARATOGA. 


I 


was  an  indnofiinoiit  for  ihcso  Indians  to  leave  their  now 
allies  on  the  bunk  of  the  St.  [iuwrenee,  ond  possess 
themselves  of  the  rieh  plains  of  Saratoga,  and  thus 
malvo  themselves  allies  of  England  instead  of  [""runco, 
that  Gov.  Dongan  obtained  and  tendered  to  them  this 
tract  of  land,  at  that  time  owned  by  a  gentleman  in 
Albany,  to  whom  it  had  been  secured  by  patent ;  *  a 
result  vary  desirable  to  the  English  interest  at  that 
time. 

Settlements  were  made  by  the  whites  from  time  to 
time,  along  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  and  the  shores  of 
the  lakes,  lying  between  the  bay  of  New- York  and 
the  rich  bottom-lands  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
The  English  settlements  were  made  as  far  up  the  river 
as  Tiydius,  now  Fort  Edward,  in  W.^shington  county, 
where  they  constructed  a  fort,  built  saw-mills,  and 
manufactured  lumber  of  various  kinds.  They  had  also 
supplied  theirisolves  with  goods,  provisions,  and  cattle, 
which  were  rarely  to  be  obtained  by  the  early  settlers 
in  North  America.  This  prosperity  was  to  bo  of  short 
duration.  In  1742,  information  was  conveyed  by  one  of 
M.  Picquet's  detachments,  that  the  English  were  push- 
ing their  settlements  up  to  Lake  St.  Sacrament,  and  at 
the  same  time  were  making  warlike  preparations  at 
"  Sarasto."t 

The  French  general,  on  receiving  this  information, 
dispatched  a  b  .dy  of  troops  under  the  command  of  M. 
Llarin,  accompanied  by  Father  Picquet.  This  detach- 
ment fell  upon  the  settlement,  burnt  the  fort  at  Lydius, 

*  Documentary  History  of  N.  Y.,  vol.  i.,  p.  156. 

t  Saratoga.  . 


\/y 


'!«»•• 


Hand-book  of  Saratoga. 


ivo  their  now 
ami  pnssoHS 
^a,  nnil  tluis 
id  of  l''runco, 
to  them  this 
gentleman  in 
patent ;  *  a 
erest  at  that 

from  time  to 
the  shores  of 
iw-YorIc  and 
^t.  Lawronoo. 
•  up  the  river 
igton  county, 
w-mills,  and 
.'hey  had  also 
(,  and  cattle, 
early  settlers 
;o  he  of  short 
yred  by  one  of 
ih  were  push- 
ment,  and  at 
eparations  at 

\  information, 
Timand  of  M. 
This  detaoh- 
irt  at  Lydius, 


and  several  saw-mills,  with  the  timber  attached  ;  look 
the  stock  of  supplies  and  all  the  cattle  which  they  found, 
along  fifteen  leagues  of  settlement,  and  one  hund--  d  and 
forty-five  prisoners,  without  having  a  single  French  sol- 
dier killed  or  wounded.* 

Sir  William  .Johnson  writes  to  the  board  of  trade,  that 
he  is  building  a  fort  on  Lake  St.  Sacrament,  but  which 
he  will  call  Lake  GHfcrge,  not  only  in  honor  of  his  maj- 
esty, but  to  establish  the  dominion  of  the  king.t  "I 
received,"  says  Gov.  Clinton,  "  an  account,  on  the  19th 
inst.,  by  express  from  Albany,  that  a  party  of  French 
and  their  Indians  had  cut  off  a  settlement  in  this  prov- 
ince called  Saraghtoge,  about  fifty  miles  from  Albany, 
and  that  about  twenty  houses  with  a  fort  were  burnt  to 
ashes,  thirty  persons  were  killed  and  scalped,  and  about 
sixty  were  taken  prisoners."1: 

This  campaign  prevented  farther  efforts  at  settlement 
until  after  the  conclusion  of  peace  between  the  French 
and  English,  in  1748, 

Patents  were  granted  at  an  early  day  by  the  sover- 
eign of  Great  Britain.  One  of  the  earliest  grants  of 
this  kind  was  the  Van  Schaick  patent.  This  grant 
included  the  present  town  of  Waterford.  The  Saratoga 
patent  was  the  next  in  order  of  time,  and  contained  a 
tract  of  land  six  miles  square,  and  lying  on  the  banks 
of  the  Hudson  river,  north  of  Van  Schaick's  patent. 
The  Apple  patent  was  granted  to  William  Apple,  and 
lay  along  the  Mohawk  river,  extending  "  three  miles 

♦  Documentary  History  of  N.  Y.,  vol.  i.,  p.  429. 

fLondon  Documents,  xxxi.,  p.  178. 

t  London  Documents,  zxvii.,  pp.  87,  235,  80th  Nov.,  1745. 


\ 


•<^ 


8 


HAND-noOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


! 


back  into  tho  wooJs.''  Hut  tho  most  important  grant 
■\yliii;h  was  made  in  this  section  of  country  was  tho 
K(iyii(loro^.sora.s  patent.  Tliis  patent  was  granted  to 
thirteen  iiidividuais,  und  eiiil)raced  a  largo  proportion 
of  tho  tract  now  lying  within  tho  limits  of  Saratoga 
county. 

On  tho  2fith  day  of  August,  1702,  a  grant  of  land 
was  executed  by  two  Indians  namlB  "  To-yon-nin-ho-ge 
and  Dc-ron-oeh-rak-has,  Maquos  Indians,  owners  and 
native  proprietors  of  tho  land,"  to  David  Schuyler  and 
Robert  Livingston,  junior,  citizens  of  tho  city  of  Al- 
bany. 

b'amson  Shelton  Broughton,  Esq.,  bought  for  himself 
and  company  a  liconso  to  purchase  tho  tract  of  vacant 
and  unappropriated  land  in  the  county  of  Albany,  called 
Kayaderosseras,  "adjoining  to  the  north  bounds  of 
Schenectady,  on  the  east  side  thereof,  to  the  west  bounds 
of  Saratoga,  on  tho  north  side  thereof,  and  to  Albany 
river,  on  the  west  side  thereof,  of  the  native  Indians  and 
proprietors  thereof,  for  their  cultivation  and  improve- 
men*:."     '<  April  22d,  1703." 

On  tho  sixth  daj  of  October,  1704,  in  pursuance  of 
the  above-mentioned  license,  a  purchase  was  effected 
by  Samson  Shelton  Broughton,  Esq.,  Attorney-Generp.l 
of  the  Province,  Peter  Fauconnier,  Esq.,  late  Commis- 
sioner  of  the  Customs,  and  Nanning  Hermanse  Visher, 
of  the  city  of  Albany,  mariners,  for  themselves  and  the 
company,  of  the  Indians,  Joseph  Hendrick,  Cornelius, 
Gideon  and  Ames,  native  Maquas  Indians  and  Sachems, 
in  behalf  of  themselves  and  all  their  nation,  for  and  in 
consideration  of  the  sum  of  sixty  pounds  ($150),  cur- 


rent n 
goods 

In 
izod. 
Now-^ 
Dutcih 
tho  CO 
organ i 
son  r 
Ballst 
tho  ci 
the  S 
Dutel: 
Qucei 

In 
after 
count 
count 
Huds( 
is  fort 
is  twc 
23'  nc 
from  ' 
miles, 
and  tl 
of  F: 
south 
whicl: 
the  et 
the  ct 

Th: 


ITAND-nOOK    OF    SAHATOOA. 


e 


iportant  grant 
ntry  was  tlio 
8  granted  to 
go  proportion 
3  of  Saratoga 

grant  of  land 
yon-nin-ho-ge 
,  owners  and 
iSchiiyler  and 
le  city  of  Al- 

it  for  himself 
act  of  vacant 
Ubany,  called 
h  bounds  of 
B  west  bounds 
nd  to  Albany 
e  Indians  and 
and  improve- 

pursuance  of 
was  effected 
irney-Gener?.! 
late  Commis- 
nanse  Visher, 
elves  and  the 
k,  Cornelius, 
ind  Sachems, 
n,  for  and  in 
($150),  cur- 


rent  money  of  tho  Provinon  of  Now- York,  and  of  sundry 
goods  to  th(!in  piiid  in  h.'iiid." 

In  thd  ynar  1(1^:},  tlin  ooiirity  of  Albany  was  orf!;an- 
izod.  At  thi«  dato  Albniiy  oiiibriKiud  all  llio  territory  of 
Now- York,  lying  north  of  Ulster  on  tho  wcist,  and 
Dutchess  on  the  cast  aide  of  tho  IluJson  river.  During 
the  continuance  of  this  jurisdiction  four  townships  were 
organized  north  of  tho  Mohawk,  and  west  of  the  Hud- 
son river,  viz.  :  Ilulfinoon,  Stillwati>r,  Saratoga,  and 
Ballston.  Eighty-five  years  after  tho  organization  of 
tho  county  of  Albany,  thoro  wero  but  tern  counties  in 
tho  State  of  New- York,  viz.  :  Now- York,  Westchester, 
Dutchess,  Orange,  Ulster,  Albany,  Richmond,  Kings, 
Queens,  and  Suflblk. 

In  the  year  1791,  or  ono  hundred  and  eight  years 
after  the  organization  of  tho  county  of  Albany,  tho 
county  of  Saratoga  was  taken  from  that  part  of  Albany 
county  lying  north  of  tho  Mohawk  and  west  of  tho 
Hudson  rivers.  Its  greatest  length  from  north  to  south 
is  forty  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  from  east  to  west 
is  twenty-eight  miles.  It  lies  between  42°  46',  and  43^ 
23'  north  latitude,  and  3°  21'  and  2'=  47'  east  longitude 
from  "Washington,  and  contains  eight  hundred  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  tlit!  Hudson  river 
and  the  county  of  "Warren  ;  on  the  west  by  tho  counties 
of  Frnnklin,  Montgomery,  and  Schenectady;  on  tho 
south  by  Schenectady  county,  and  tho  Mohawk  river, 
which  separates  it  from  the  county  of  Albany,  and  on 
the  east  by  the  Hudson  river,  which  separates  it  from 
the  counties  of  Rensselaer  and  "Washington. 

This  county  is  now  divided  into  twenty  townships. 


1* 


'm^' 


\ 


10 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


!■ 
ill 


|:i 


I! 


The  names  of  each,  and  the  date  of  their  respective  or- 
ganizations, are  as  follows,  to  wit : 

Ballston,  organized  in  the  year  1788.  The  first  set- 
tlement was  made  in  this  town  in  1763,  by  two  brothers 
of  the  name  of  McDonald.  The  town  derives  its  name 
from  the  Rev.  Eliphalet  Ball,  who,  with  a  number  of  his 
congregation,  from  Bedford,  Westchester  county,  settled 
about  two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  the  springs.  Balls- 
ton  Centre,  East  Line,  Burnt  Hills,  and  South  Ballston, 
have  post-offices. 

Halfmoon,  lying  on  the  Hudson,  was  organized  in 
1788.  Crescent,  Halfmoon,  and  Mechanicsville,  have 
post-offices,. 

Saratoga  and  Stillwater  were  organized  also  in  1788. 
Saratoga  has  a  river  margin  on  the  east,  the  beautiful 
Lake  of  Saratoga  on  the  west,  and  the  winding  stream 
of  Fish  Creek  coursing  its  way  from  the  shores  of  the 
lake  to  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  at  Schuylerville ;  these, 
with  its  undulating  surface  and  productive  soil,  make 
it  one  of  the  most  iateresting  townships  in  Saratoga 
county.  Schuylerville  was  the  residence  of  General 
Schuyler,  whose  mansion  and  surrounding  buildings 
were  destroyed  under  General  Burgoyne  in  1777.  The 
place  where  General  Burgoyne  surrendered  his  sword 
to  General  Gates  is  said  to  be  a  short  distance  north  of 
the  site  of  the  old  Schuyler  mansion,  on  which  stands 
the  dwelling-house  now  occupied  by  George  Strover, 
Esq.  CovevilL.  T)ean's  Corners,  Grangerville,  Schuy- 
lerville, Quaker  Sprlijgs,  and  Victory  Mills,  have  post- 
offices. 

Stillwater  is  also  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson 
river,  and  south  of  Saratoga.    The  village  of  Mechanics- 


vilh 

nioc 

the 

tow 

bet' 

fann 

resi 

strt 

J.  ' 

son 

few 

Gei 

we; 

rec 

is  t 

cor 

me 

wa: 

the 

He: 

( 
Mil 
shi] 
Chi 

{ 
Wh 
as  ] 

1 
Th^ 
wa 
thi 
Trc 


'i- 


}ir  respective  or- 

i.  The  first  set- 
,  by  two  brothers 
derives  its  name 

a  number  of  his 
!r  county,  settled 

springs.  Balls- 
[  South  Ballston, 

as  organized  in 
banicsville,  have 

zed  also  in  1788. 
st,  the  beautiful 
winding  stream 
le  shores  of  the 
lylerville ;  these, 
ictive  soil,  make 
lips  in  Saratoga 
jnce  of  General 
nding  buildings 
e  in  1777.  The 
lered  his  sword 
listance  north  of 
on  which  stands 
George  Strover, 
gerville,  Schu]'- 
Mills,  have  post- 

of  the  Hudson 
ye  of  Mechanics- 


# 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


11 


ville  is  situated  partly  in  this  town  and  partly  in  Half- 
moon.  About  fuur  miles  above  Mechanicsville,  and  on 
the  Champlain  canal,  is  Stillwater  village.  In  this 
town  are  Bemis  Heights,  the  scene  of  the  engagement 
between  Burgoyno  and  General  Gates,  in  1777,  so 
famous  in  Revolutionary  annals,  and  on  which  hung 
results  so  important  in  their  bearing  upon  the  great 
struggle  between  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies.  Mr. 
J.  Walker's  house  is  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Patter- 
son's tavern,  and  two  miles  from  the  Hudson  river.  A 
few  rods  south  of  this  house  is  the  "  meadow"  on  which 
General  Frazer  fell,  mortally  wounded.  It  is  a  little 
west  of  the  road  which  now  runs  north  and  south  di- 
rectly past  the  place.  Near  the  spot  where  Frazer  fell, 
is  the  common  grave  of  forty  soldiers,  whose  bodies  wore 
committed  to  their  final  resting-place  after  the  cnguge- 
ment.  But  about  sixty  rods  in  a  southwest  direction 
was  the  scene  of  the  main  action,  which  occurred  on 
the  7th  of  October,  1777.  The  post-offices  are  Bemis 
Heights,  Ketchum's  Corners,  and  Stillwater. 

Charlton.— In  the  year  1792,  Charlton,  Galway,  and 
Milton,  were  taken  from  Ballston  and  organized  as  town- 
ships in  Saratoga  county.  Charlton  has  post-offices  at 
Charlton  and  West  Charlton. 

Galway  has  East  Galway,  Galway,  Moshcrville, 
Whiteside's  Corners,  North  Galway,  and  South  Galway, 
as  post-offices. 

MU.TON,  Rock  City  Mills,  West  Milton,  and  Ballston. 
The  latter  is  the  county-scat  of  Saratoga  county.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1807.  The  village  is  situated 
thirty  miles  north  from  Albany,  twenty-four  from 
Troy,    fifteen    from    Schenectady,    and   seven   south- 


\ 


ill 

'nil 


12 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA 


I    i- 


II!! 


Ill; 


t  't 


li  t 


west  from  Saratoga  Springs.  The  village  of  Ballston  is 
situated  in  a  valley,  and  is  built  on  either  side  of  tho 
small  stream  which  is  a  branch  of  the  Kayaderosseras 
creek.  Within  the  limits  of  the  village  are  the  Mineral 
fountains,  some  of  which  at  one  time  had  a  liigh  reputa- 
tion for  their  medicinal  qualities  ;  and  large  numbers  of 
strangers  annually  resorted  to  them  for  their  healing 
virtues.  But,  from  the  nature  of  one  of  the  substrata 
which  underlie  the  village,  and  through  which  its  min- 
eral water  percolates,  it  has  been  found  difficult  to  secure 
it  at  all  times  in  its  best  forms,  and  consequently  the 
springs  of  this  pleasant  village,  which,  in  times  past, 
were  so  justly  celebrated,  have  ceased  to  be  used  either 
at  the  fountains  or  for  bottling.  It  is  well  supplied  with 
churches  and  hotels ;  and  the  fact  that  it  contains  the 
public  buildings  of  the  county,  adds  not  a  little  interest 
to  the  village. 

The  mineral  fountains  in  this  village  were  discovered 
in  the  year  1767.  In  1772,  a  gentleman  by  the  name 
of  Douglass  built  a  log  house  for  the  accommodation  of 
strangers  who  resorted  hither  for  the  benefit  of  the 
mineral  water. 

During  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  farther  develop- 
ments of  the  town  were  suspended  ;  but  about  the  year 
1790,  Mr.  Douglass  enlarged  his  former  accommodations 
for  the  increased  number  of  strangers- 

In  the  year  1804,  Nicholas  Low  erected  the  present 
Sans-Souci  hotel ;  it  is  built  of  wood,  is  three  stories 
high;  main  building  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  long, 
and  wings  one  liundred  and  fifty  feet. 

Greenfield  was  taken  from  Saratoga  and  Milton  in 
1793.  West  Greenfield,  Greenfield  Centre,  Porter's  Cor- 


\ 


ners 
Grn^ 

Pi 
tho 
and 

N 
soni 
voor 

E 
forn 
at  I 
take 
post 

Ii 
vilk 

III 
the 
tow 
tak( 
180 
Fall 

situ 
son 
yea 
and 
trac 
I 
forr 
ed. 
Cor 
Noi 


m 


AND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


13 


of  Ballston  ig 
!r  side  of  the 
ayatlerosseras 
•e  the  Mineral 
I  high  rcputa- 
i^e  numbers  of 
tlioir  healing 
the  substrata 
diich  its  min- 
icult  to  secure 
sequently  the 
in  times  past, 
be  used  either 
supplied  with 
it  contains  the 
I  little  interest 

ere  discovered 

by  the  name 

mmodation  of 

)enefit   of  the 

rther  develop- 
ibout  the  year 
commodations 

ed  the  present 

three  stories 

xty  feet  long, 

and  Milton  in 
,  Porter's  Cor- 


\ 


ners,   North   Uuenficld,  Mount  Tloasant,  and   Middle 
Grove,  have  post-ofFices. 

PimviDKNCK  was  organized  in  1736.  It  was  taken  from 
the  town  of  Galway.  Providence,  West  Providence, 
and  Barkersvillc,  have  post-oflices. 

Northumberland  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Hud- 
son river.  It  was  taken  from  Saratoga  in  1798.  Ganse- 
voort  and  Northumberland  arc  the  post-otriccs. 

Edinbiirgh  and  Hadm'.v  were  organized  in  1801.  The 
former  was  taken  from  Providence,  and  has  post-olTices 
at  Edinburgh  and  at  Batchelorville.  The  latter  was 
taken  from  Greenfield  and  Northumberland,  and  has 
post-oflices  at  Hadley  and  "West  Hadley. 

In  1802,  Malta  was  taken  from  Stillwater.  Malta- 
ville  and  Malta  have  post-offices  in  this  town. 

Moreau  is  a  pleasant  and  flourishing  township  lying  on 
the  banks  of  the  Hudson  river.  This  stream  bounds  the 
town  on  the  northeast  and  on  the  northwest.  It  was 
taken  from  the  town  of  Northumberland  in  the  year 
1805.  Moreau  Station,  Fortsville,  and  South  Glens 
Falls,  have  post-offices. 

Waterfoud  was  organized  in  1816.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mohawk  with  the  Hud- 
son river.  Waterford  is  a  pleasant  village,  and  for  many 
years  was  the  business  village  of  the  county  ;  but  canals 
and  railroads  have  diminished  its  importance,  and  its 
trade  is  now  inconsiderable. 

In  1818,  Corinth  and  Wilton  were  organized.  The 
former  was  taken  from  Hadley ;  Corinth,  formerly  call- 
ed Jcssup's  Landing,  is  a  small  village  :  it  and  South 
Corinth  have  a  post-office ;  the  latter  was  taken  from 
Northumberland.     Wilton  is  the  post-office. 


\ 


II 


{ 


!li( 


III! 


M 


14 


HAND-BOOK    OF     SARATOGA. 


m 


Day  and  Saratoga  Springs  were  organized  in  1819. 
The  former  was  taken  from  Edinburgh  and  Hadley,  and 
occupies  the  northwest  part  of  the  county.  Day  and 
West  Day  are  the  names  oi  its  post-offices. 

Saratoga  Springs,  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  is  sec- 
ond to  no  inland  village  in  the  State.  Its  hotels  are 
spacious  and  elegant,  and  its  churches  are  large,  com- 
modious, and  elaborate  in  finish.  Many  of  the  private 
residences  arc  very  handsome,  and  the  number  is  annu- 
ally increasing  in  and  about  the  village,  of  such  as  be- 
long to  gentlemen  who  have  retired  upon  their  fortunes ; 
but  the  mineral  fountains  are  the  great  attraction  of 
the  village.  They  are  numerous,  but  few  of  them  have 
been  sulliciently  secured  to  render  the  water  suitable 
for  bottling  and  exportation.  This  village  is  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-one  mijes  from  New-York  city,  and 
thirty-six  and  a  half  from  Albany.  It  is  beautifully 
situated  three  hundred  feet  above  tide  water.  The 
Kayaderosseras  Mountain,  two  thousand  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  raises  its  summit  within  ten  or  twelve 
miles  of  the  village,  on  the  west  and  north  ;  while  the 
Green  Mountains  stretch  along  the  eastern  horizon  at  a 
distance  of  about  twenty  miles  ;  the  high  ranges  of  the 
Catskill  skirt  the  extreme  south.  The  surroundinsr 
country  is  well  watered  ;  the  atmosphere  is  dry  and 
highly  electrified  ;  the  climate  entirely  unlike  that  of 
Boston,  New- York,  and  the  whole  seaboard,  as  those 
well  know,  who  have  been  exposed  to  a  sixty  days'  east 
wind  on  our  northeastern  coasts.  The  village  is  very 
accessible  by  means  of  railroads.  Its  mineral  water  is 
silt  generis.    It  is  an  article  of  commerce,  and  the  civil- 


ize 
an: 
wli 

the 
Re 
vil 
thi 


Vlf 

ap 
oh 
tic 
mi 
wi 
no 
al 
th 
hii 
ho 
wl 
ov 
Jc 
bo 

CO 

ar 
w 
an 


nized  in  1819. 
id  Hadley,  and 
nty.  Day  and 
i. 

county,  is  sec- 
Its  hotels  are 
ro  large,  com- 
of  the  private 
imber  is  annu- 
jf  such  as  he- 
their  fortunes ; 
t  attraction  of 
r  of  them  have 
kvater  suitable 
;e  is  one  hun- 
ork  city,  and 
is  beautifully 
i  water.  The 
feet  above  the 
ten  or  twelve 
•th ;  while  the 
n  horizon  at  a 
ranges  of  the 
3  surrounding 
re  is  dry  and 
inlike  that  of 
lard ,  as  those 
xty  days'  east 
'illage  is  very 
neral  water  is 
and  the  civil- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


15 


ized  world  are  customers  ;  and  many  thousand  persons 
annually  bear  testimony  to  its  happy  medicinal  etlects, 
when  drank  at  the  fountains. 

Clifton  Park  was  the  last  town  organized  in 
the  county.  It  was  taken  from  Haliraoon  in  1828. 
Rexford's  Flats,  Clifton  Park,  Yiseher's  Ferry,  Jones- 
ville.  Groom's  Corners,  and  Dry  Dock,  are  post-offices  in 
this  town. 


CHAPTER    II. 

Sir  William  Johnson  was  the  first  white  man  who 
visited  these  springs,  and  the  first  civilized  person  who 
applied  them  as  a  remedial  agent.  It  is  true  that  Mi- 
chael McDonald,  a  Scotchman,  who  had  previously  set- 
tled at  Ballston  Lake,  was  one  of  Johnson's  party,  and 
must  have  been  at  the  High  Rock  at  the  same  time 
with  the  baronet  and  his  Indian  guides  ;  but  we  have 
no  information  of  his  having  previously  visited  them, 
although  he  had  settled  so  near  them.  And  his  visit  at 
this  time,  was  at  the  instance  of  ..ohnson,  who,  with 
his  party,  had  stayed  the  previous  night  at  McDonald's 
house.  Johnson's  visit  was  caused  by  an  indisposition, 
which  so  far  disabled  him  that  he  was  unfit  to  travel 
over  the  rude  passes  which  then  lay  between  this  and 
Johnstown.  And  we  are  informed  that  the  Indians 
bore  him  in  a  litter  from  Johnstown,  in  Montgomery 
county,  along  the  banks  of  the  Mohawk  to  Schenectady, 
and  thence,  by  Ballston  Lake,  to  this  place,  at  that  time  a 
wilderness.  Here  he  stayed  some  time,  used  the  water, 
and  so  far  recovered  his  health  that  he  returned  to  Johns- 


\ 


I 


'*■ 


>> 


i*i 


I  \ 


I 
•  J 


16 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


town,  by  tho  way  of  Schenectady,  on  foot.  His  cure  was 
attributed,  by  him  and  hi.s  friends,  to  tho  water  which 
he  drank  from  the  High  Rock  spring.  Ho  being  a  pub- 
lic man,  his  cure  induced  other  white  people  from  the 
adjacent  settlements  to  visit  the  spring,  and  for  them- 
selves to  try  its  virtue.  And  the  sick  and  the  curious 
could  be  very  often  seen  winding  their  solitary  way 
toward  this  health-giving  fountain,  along  the  trails 
which  led  from  settlements  in  old  fc«'aratoga,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Snake  Hill,  and  back  into  the  wild  forest  of 
Palmertown,  now  the  town  of  Wilton. 

So  important  had  these  fountains  become,  in  1773, 
that  one  Dirick  Scowton  was  induced  to  remove  to 
them,  clear  away  a  piece  of  ground,  on  the  top  of  the 
hill  in  the  rear  of  the  High  Rock  spring,  and  build  a  log 
cabin.  But  before  he  had  completed  his  rude  tenement, 
he  is  said  to  have  had  a  misunderstanding  with  the  In- 
dians who  were  living  about  the  springs,  and  found  it 
for  his  interest  and  personal  safety  to  abandon  his  en- 
terprise, which  he  did  accordingly. 

In  the  year  1774,  one  John  Arnold,  from  the  State  of 
Rhode  Island,  with  his  family,  arrived  on  the  east  shore 
of  Saratoga  Lake.  Here  he  heard  such  accounts  of  the 
mineral  springs,  and  tho  land  about  them,  that  he  was 
induced  to  continue  his  journey  thus  much  farther. 
After  having  supplied  himself  with  articles  suitable  for 
trading  with  the  Indians,  he  procured  a  canoe,  put  on 
board  his  family,  his  little  stock  in  trade,  together  with 
provisions  and  some  furniture,  and  paddled  from  Snake 
Hill  across  tht  lake,  and  entered  tho  mouth  of  the 
Kayaderosseras  creek.  This  stream  he  followed  about 
■   two  miles,  where  he  landed ;  and  he  and  his   family, 


takii 
entei 
sprin 
hous 
prov 
sumi 
secoi 

It 
sessi 
lefti 
lowi: 
coul( 
tront 
title 
this 
Darr 
Britf 
cern 
pose 
men 
Briti 
sprii 
cour 
conf] 

Ir 
sion( 
and 
Law 

Ir 
took 
his 


His  cure  was 
water  which 
I  being  a  pub- 
jplo  from  the 
md  for  them- 
1  the  curious 
solitary  way 
mg  the  trails 
atoga,  in  the 
wild  forest  of 

omc,  in  1773, 
to  remove  to 
the  top  of  the 
nd  build  a  log 
•ude  tenement, 
g  with  the  In- 
I,  and  found  it 
bandon  his  en- 

m  the  State  of 
the  east  shore 
iccounts  of  the 
Ti,  that  he  was 
much  farther, 
les  suitable  for 
I  canoe,  put  on 
,  together  with 
led  from  Snake 
mouth  of  the 
followed  about 
nd  his   family, 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


17 


taking  his  goods  and  household  furniture  on  their  backs, 
entered  upon  a  trail  which  thsy  followed  to  the  mineral 
springs.  On  arriving  here,  he  took  possession  of  the 
house  previously  built  by  Scowton,  and  having  im- 
proved it,  opened  it  as  a  tavern,  and  occupied  it  two 
summers,  leaving  it  the  intervening  winter.  After  the 
second  summer  he  abandoned  it. 

Its  next  occupant  was  Samuel  Norton,  who  took  pos- 
session of  the  house  the  same  season  in  which  Arnold 
left  it,  and  made  farther  improvements  in  it.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  cleared  and  cultivated  as  well  as  he 
could,  the  land  about  him.  Norton  acted  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  Isaac  Law,  who  had  previously  obtained  a 
title  to  the  land,  by  purchase  from  Rip  Van  Dam.  In 
this  purchase  Law  was  associated  with  Anthony  Van 
Dam  and  Jacob  Walton.  The  troubles  with  Great 
Britain  having  now  commenced,  Nortin  became  con- 
cerned for  the  safety  of  himself  and  family  in  their  ex- 
posed situation ;  he  therefore  abandoned  the  improve- 
ments that  he  had  made,  united  himself  with  the 
British  army,  and  soon  after  died.  His  death  left  the 
springs  again  without  a  white  inhabitant.  Law  left  the 
country  during  the  Revolution,  and  his  property  was 
confiscated. 

In  1786,  Henry  Livingston  purchased  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  forfeiture,  for  himself  and  brothers,  the  land 
and  improvements  which  had  previously  belonged  to 
Law. 

In  1783,  a  son  of  Norton  removed  to  the  springs, 
took  possession  of  the  property  previously  occupied  by 
his  father,  and  prosecuted  the  improvements   already 


:W^ 


\ 


1! 


It  j-i 


i    I 


^' 


18 


HAND-noOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


begun,  until  the  year   1787,  when  he  sold  to  Gideon 
Morgan,  who  the   samo  year  conveyed  it  to  Alexander 
Bryan.     Bryan  built  a  blacksmith's  shop,  and  an  addi- 
tional  log  house  which  ho  opened  aa  a  tavern.     Bryan, 
we  are  informed,  was  born  in  Connecticut.     At  an  early 
day   he   removed   to   Dutchess   county,  in  this  State  ; 
thenco  to  Halfmoon,  two  miles  from  Waterford,  now  in 
this  county,  and  finally  to  Saratoga   Springs.     And  at 
the  latter  place  he  kept  a  tavern.     During  the  revolu- 
tionary struggle  he  was  at  Halfmoon,  and,  strange  as  it 
may  appear,  he  is  said  to  have  been  a  favorite  with  both 
parties  ;  and  so  well  did  he  manage  the  m^»tters  of  dif- 
ference, that  he  became  the  confidant  of  both  parties, 
and  the  repository  of  their  secrets.     He  was  employed 
as  a  spy  by  both  Gates  and  Burgoyno.    While  the  latter 
lay  with  his  forces  at   Fort  Edward,  he  communicated 
to  General  Gates  the  fact  that  Burgoyne  had  crossed 
the  river,   and   was  marching  his  army  toward   Still- 
water.    This  information  was  considered  at  the  time 
important  to  the  American  army.     Bryan  was  the  first 
permanent  settler  at  the  springs  after  the  close  of  the  war. 

Gideon  Putnam,  the  son  of  Rufus  and  Mary  Putnam, 
was  born  in  the  town  of  Sutton,  in  the  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts, in  the  year  1764.  Before  his  majority  he  pur- 
chased his  time  of  his  father  for  one  hundred  dollars. 
He  then  married  Miss  Doanda  Risley  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Risley.  He  immediately 
set  out  "  to  seek  his  fortune  ;"  his  only  means  of  sup- 
port for  himself  and  wife,  being  a  strong  arm  and  a 
determined  will.  The  route  they  took  led  them  to 
Middlebury,  Vt.     Here,  in  the  midst  of  the  wilderness 


they 


para 

Thei 

dens 

the  > 

Not 

move 

son 

remc 

Here 

wife 

the  ( 

of  tl 

cabii 

hims 

bytl 

men 

rr>at< 

viole 

nigh 


»aki=i' 


le  sold  to  Gideon 
id  it  to  Alexander 
hop,  and  an  addi- 
1  tavern.     Bryan, 
cut.     At  an  early 
ty,  in  this  State  ; 
^Vaterford,  now  in 
Springs.     And  at 
)uring  the  revolu- 
and,  strange  as  it 
favorite  with  both 
he  ni  ..tters  of  dif- 
iit  of  both  parties, 
He  was  employed 
.    While  the  latter 
he  communicated 
goyne  had  crossed 
rmy  toward   Still- 
tiered  at  the  time 
Iryan  was  the  first 
lie  close  of  the  war. 

md  Mary  Putnam, 
he  State  of  Massa- 
is  majority  he  pur- 
le  hundred  dollars, 
sley  at  Hartford, 
He  immediately 
dy  means  of  sup- 
strong  arm  and  a 
took  led  them  to 
;  of  the  wilderness 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


19 


they  halte'1,  and  rudely  threw  togother  a  log  cabin. 
This  cabio  was  built  around  a  white  oak  stump  which 
was  squared  o\n>a  the  top,  and  served  them  as  a  tublo. 
The  cabin  was  without  a  chimney.  Their  seats  were 
made  with  three  logs  of  wood  placed  in  a  piece  of  tim- 
ber riven  from  a  log.  The  site  of  this  cabin  is  now  oc- 
cupied by  the  Middlobury  college  buildings.  Their 
household  possessions  consisted  of  three  white  teacups 
and  saucers,  three  white  plates,  three  knives  and  forks, 
a  dish-kottle,  an  earthen  tea-pot  and  a  spider.  They 
cut  out  the  top  of  a  stump  deeply  concave,  and  then 
mounted  a  heavy  sweep  which  turned  a  wooden  pestle, 
fitted  to  the  excavation  in  the  stump.  This  homely  ap- 
paratus was  the  mill  in  which  they  ground  their  grain. 
There  was  a  "  grist-mill"  forty  miles  from  them,  but  a 
dense  forest  lay  between,  and  blazed  trees  pointed  out 
the  way.  Their  oldest  child  was  bjrn  at  Middlebury. 
Not  finding  this  situation  quite  to  their  minds,  they  re- 
moved to  Rutland,  Vt.  While  at  Rutland  their  eldest 
son  Benjamin  Putnam  was  born.  Front  Rutland  they 
removed  to  the  "Five  Nations"  or  "Bemis  Flats." 
Here  they  were  joined  by  Dr.  Clement  Blukesly  and  his 
wife,  who  was  a  sister  of  Mrs.  Putnam.  The  lay  of 
the  country,  the  quality  of  the  soil,  and  the  appearance, 
of  the  timber,  suited  him ;  and  at  once  he  put  up  a 
cabin,  which  was  occupied  by  his  brother-in-law  and 
himself,  with  their  families,  together  with  a  hired  man 
by  the  name  of  Elijah  Olds.  At  Bemis  Flats  the  ele- 
ments warred  against  them,  and  proved  more  than  a 
rrjatoh  for  even  Putnam's  strength  and  energy.  A 
violent  rain-storm  fell  upon  them  in  the  middle  of  the 
night,  which  flooded  the  surrounding  country,  and  drove 


\ 


n 


jii.i 


I] 

iiji 

Kill! 


ill 

,1 


,  J! 

.'   ill 


t 

ill'. 


r 


i'li'i 


90 


HAND-BOOK    OP    8ARAT00A. 


the  hnrcly  pinnoors  with  thoir  wives  and  littlo  ones,  on 
to  their  beiJs,   furnituro,  ^c,  out  of  the  reach  of  tho 
water,  which  covered  tho  cahin  floor  ;  without,  as  far  as 
they  could  see,  was  one  vast  sheet  of  water.     In  this 
condition  was  this  bold,  vigorous,  and  determined  man 
caged,  and  unable  to  extricate  himself  or  his  household. 
Yet  in  the  midst  of  ail  this  darkness  and  distress  they 
wore  thought  of  and  cared   for.     A  good  man  by  tho 
name  of  Zophar  Scidmoro,  living  on  the  cast  shora  of 
the  lake,  knew  that  some  emigrants  had  commenced 
a  farm  on  tho    "flats."      And  being  acquainted  with 
the  situation  of  their  cabin,  he  felt  sure  they  must  bo 
in  suffering,  if  not  dangerous  circumstances,  he  there- 
fore  loosed  his  sail-boat,  and  taking  a  light  canoe    in 
tow,  made    all    possible    haste    to    thoir    rescue.     On 
Hearing  the   cabin   he  fastened  his    sail-boat  to    some 
float  wood  which  lay  piled  upon  the  bank,  and  rowed 
his  canoe  up  to  the  dooL  of  the  cabin,  and  conveyed 
first  Mrs.  Putnam  and  her  young  child  to  his  sail-boat ; 
after  securing  them  safely,  he  returned  to  the  cabin  for 
Mr.  Putnam,  whom  he  also  rowed  to  the  sail-boat.  Here 
Scidmore  joined  Mrs.  Putnam,  and  conveyed  her  to  his 
own  house.     After  safely  disposing  of  his  passengers, 
he  returned  to  the  flood  wood,  whither  during-  his  ab- 
sence the  remainder  of  the  family  had  been  conveyed 
in  the  canoe  by  Putnam.     Reloading  his  Uttle  craft 
with  Mrs.  Blakesly,  and  the  other  child,  he  returned  to 
,  his  house  ;  and  in  the  course  of  the  day,  he  had  rescued 
the  whole  family,  and  had  them  safely  lodged  under  his 
most  hospitable  roof.     This  calamity  induced  Putnam 
to  abandon  his  improvements  at  "  Beruis  Flats."     And 


,lii; 


t 


[  little  ones,  on 
10  reach  of  the 
itliDut,  as  fur  as 
water.  In  thia 
Icterniined  man 
r  his  household, 
id  di.stress  they 
od  man  by  the 
6  east  shore  of 
lad  commenced 
cquaintcd  with 
e  they  must  bo 
ances,  he  there- 
light  canoe  in 
ir  rescue.  On 
1-boat  to  some 
ink,  and  rowed 
and  conveyed 
;o  his  sail-boat ; 
to  the  cabin  for 
sail-boat.  Here 
eyed  her  to  his 
his  passengers, 
during"  his  ab- 
been  conveyed 
his  little  craft 
he  returned  to 
he  had  rescued 
idged  under  his 
Juced  Putnam 
8  Flats."     And 


HAND-HOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


=  1. 


21 


after  the  storm  was  over,  he,  with  his  family,  and,  in 
company  with  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Blakcsly,  loft  the  house  of 
their  benefactor,  and  entered  an  Indian  trail,  which 
they  followed  to  the  "Springs,"  then  scorcely  known; 
this  occurred  in  the  year  1789.  On  arriving  at  what 
is  now  the  village  of  .Saratoga  Springs,  ho  selected  a 
piece  of  land,  near  a  fresh-wate.  spring,  and  built  a 
cabin.  This  land  is  now  owned  by  Joel  Clement.  And 
the  site  of  the  cabin  is  a  fuw  rods  to  the  east  of 
Clement's  stone  house,  in  the  west  part  of  the  village. 

On  reviewing  his   position  at  Saratoga,  Putnam  said 
to  his  wife,    "  This  is   a   healthy    place,    the    mineral 
springs  are  valuable,  and  the  timber  is  good  and   in 
great  abundance,  and   I  can  build  me  a  ffreal  house,'' 
a  desire  which  had  haunted   him  from  childhood.     He 
at  once  leased  three  hundred   acres  of  land,  girdled  the 
trees  about  him,  and  put  in  his  crops,  and  when  ho 
eould  not  work  upon  his  farm,  he  employed  himself  and 
his  man,  who  remained   with  him  for  years,  in  making 
staves  and  shingles  :  these  he  carried  to  the   Hudson 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  Pish  creek.     The  ensuing  .spring 
he  put  them  into  a  raft,  and  Heated  them  to  New-York 
city.     At  the  city  he  met  with  a  ready  sale,  and  re- 
turned with  moans  to  build  a  saw-mill.     On  his  return 
to  his  farm,  he  found  a  new  neighbor  by  the  name  of 
William  Patching,  who  was  a  wheelwright  by  trade. 
With  the  assistance  of  Patching,  ho  soon  had  his  mill 
in  successful  operation,  and  kept  it  running  night  and 
lay.     This  was  situated  southwest  from  his  house,  and 
the   pond  belonging  to  it  has  been  known  to  many  gen- 
erations  of  boys  of  the  village,  and,  indeed,  is  still  fa- 


22 


IIAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


miliar  to  the  present  race  as  "  Put's  Pond,"  and  has 
been  a  favorite  swiinininfj;-pI(ico  ever  since.  Dr. 
Blakcsly  built  a  log-houso  whoro  Bonjatiiin  Putnam  for 
many  years  resided.  The  next  .spring  Putnam's  sawed 
lumber,  added  to  his  staves  and  shingles,  made  hitn  a 
large  raft,  whieh  he  floated  to  the  city.  Building  mate- 
rials being  scarce,  and  the  demand  for  them  being  great 
in  the  city  of  New-York,  ho  realized  a  handsome  sum 
for  his  year's  labor.  With  the  funds  thus  realized,  he 
clothed  himself  and  family,  provided  a  groat  variety  of 
necessaries,  and  brought  homo  besides  "  one  peck  meas- 
ure of  silver  coin,"  in  an  old-fashioned  pair  of  saddle- 
bags. With  this  money  he  paid  for  the  three  hundred 
acres  of  land  which  he  had  previously  held  by  a  lease. 
But  liis  new  garments  so  changed  his  personal  appear- 
ance that  his  wife  did  not  know  him  on  his  return. 
One  fancy  article  which  he  brought  back  with  him  from 
his  voyage,  was  a  red  silk  umbrella,  which  his  eldest 
daughter  flourished  on  the  ensuing  Sunday.  Near  the 
saw-mill  pond  was  the  "Indian-Joefield,"  which  had 
been  cleared  and  cultivated  by  the  Indians.  This  field, 
Putnam  used  to  great  advantage,  and  some  of  ihe  herbs 
now  growing  there  are  said  to  have  been  originally 
planted  on  the  place  by  the  Indians,  This  farm  is  now 
in  the  possession  of  James  M.  Andrews,  Esq. 

The. third  year  after  Putnam  and  Blakesly  built 
their  cabins  on  opposite  sides  of  the  road,  Blakesly 
left,  and  Putnam  enlarged  the  cabin  built  by  Blakes- 
ly, and  occupied  it  himself.  From  this  cabin  Putnam 
removed  back  into  what  is  the  present  village,  and  oc- 
cupied for  the  year  the  house  now  owned  by  Thadous 


% 


Smith. 

upon  the 

cently  bi 

hero,  and 

Walton  0 

tivo  trees 

Union  Hi 

cabin,  to 

dor,  and  i 

spot  was 

building  > 

had  been 

Ballston, 

some  geni 

said, in  th 

ten   the  i 

house-top 

the  day-d 

purchased 

ich  wa: 

iventy-tv 

the  east  si 

of  Jacobus 

and  thirty 

I 

*  ThiB  biii 
about  400  lod 
and  appropri 

+  His  sign 
wolf,  and  is  u 
Tho  tavern  w 
occupied  by  ] 


m 


mitm 


)n(l,"  and  has 
since.  Dr. 
in  Putnum  for 
itnam's  sawod 
^,  mndo  hitn  a 
iuilding  matc- 
m  being  great 
andsoino  sum 
s  realized,  he 
roat  variety  of 
no  peck  meas- 
•air  of  saddle- 
three  hundred 
eld  by  a  lease, 
rsonal  appear- 
on  his  return, 
vith  him  from 
ich  his  eldest 
ay.  Near  the 
:,"  which  had 
s.  This  field, 
10  of  the  herbs 
jen  originally 
is  farm  is  now 
Esq. 

Blakesly  built 
oad,  Blakesly 
lit  by  Blakes- 
cabin  Putnam 
Uage,  and  oo- 
i  by  Thadous 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOaA. 


S3 


Smith      Ho  then  moved  into  a  loir  cabin,  which  stood 
upon  the  spot  whoro  the  St.  Nicholas  Hall  has  been  re- 
cently built  by  one  of  his  descendants.     While  livin- 
hero  and  in  the  year    1802,  ho  purchased  of  Henry 
Walton  one  aero  of  land,  removed  a  few  of  the  primi- 
tive trees,  and  then   built  seventy  feet  of  tho   present 
Union  Hall.*     His  mechanics  lodged  in  tho  attic  of  the 
cabin,  to  which  they  wont  up  on  the  outside  by  a  lad- 
dor,  and  their  table  was  set  outside  of  tho  cabin       The 
spot  was  then  in  tho  midst  of  the  forest,  and  so  lar-o  a 
building  was  a  novel  thing  for  tho  time.     A  wagon  way 
had  been  made  at  this  time,  between  Saratoga  and 
13alIston,  and  just  as  Putnam  had  his  house  completed, 
some  gentlemen  riding  past,  and  observing  the  house, 
said,  in  the  hearing  of  Putnam,   «'  That  man  has  forgot- 
ten   the  admonition  of  John  Rogers,    « Build  not  your 
house-top  too  high.'  "   This  house  was  the  realization  of 
the  day-dreams  of  Putnam's  childhood.!     In  1805  he 
purchased  from  Henry  Walton,  another  strip  of  land, 
«||ich  was  forty-four  rods  wide  and.four  hundred  and 
iventy-two  rods  and  seven  feet  1%  and  extended  from 
the  east  side  of  what  is  now  Franklin  street  to  the  lands 
of  Jacobus  Barhyto.     This  tract  contained  one  hundred 
and  thirty  acres.     On  the  west  end  of  this  purchase  he 

about  400  loclging-rooms;  „nd  tl.o  grom.ds  occupied  U  tho  buildinfis 
I  and  approprmtcd  to  tho  U8e  of  tho  hotol,  nro  in  area  about  four  acres. 

,  V.'''/jSn  was  a  rndely-painted  representation  of  Putnam  and  tho 
wolf  and  18  now  in  the  possession  of  his  grandson,  Goorgo  K.  Putnam. 
Tho  tavern  was  on  tho  site  of  the  present  Union  HaU,  now  owned  and 
occupied  by  his  descendants.  " 


\ 


& 


/  m 


24 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


laid  out  a  village.  In  the  southwest  corner  of  this  vil- 
lage, being  a  pcrtion  of  the  last  purchase,  he  appropria- 
ted a  piece  of  land  for  a  burying-cround.  This  ground 
ho  afterward  gave  to  the  village,  and  in  it  many  of  the 
"  forefathers  of  the  hamlet  sleep." 

In  1806,  he  excavated  and  tubed  the  Washington 
Spring.     Soon  after  this  he  tubed  the  present  Colum- 
bian Spring.     The  number  of  strangers  began  now  to 
increase  annually  at  the  Springs,  some  of  whom  would 
come  up  from   Ballston,  take  dinner  with  Putnam  at 
Union  Hall,  drink  the   Congress  water,  and  return  to 
Ballston.     At  this  time,   Putnam  thought  a   bathing  / 
house  was  needed.    He  therefore  built  one  on  the  ground  ' 
directly  north  from  Congress  Spring,  and  six  or  eight 
feet  from  the  fountain.     To  supply  mineral  water  for 
this  purpose,  he  excavated  a  mineral  spring  about  fif- 
teen feet  from  the  present  Congress  fountain. 

Putnam  next  tubed  the  Hamilton  Spring,  and  some- 
time afterward  moved  his  bathing  house  from  Con- 
gress Spring  to  the  Hamilton.  In  1811,  he  began 
Congress  Hall  ;*  wh*  his  masons  were  plastering  t^||| 

♦  In  the  ycnr  1814,  Congress  llnll  property  was  purehnsod  by 
Grandus  Van  Schoonhovcn,  and,  in  1815,  ho  finished  the  buildings  ac- 
cording to  the  plan  of  Mr.  rutnam,  and  opened  tlie  house  for  the  •ecep- 
tion  of  company.  Mr.  Van  Schoonhovcn  kept  the  house  until  1822, 
when  he  associated  with  him,  in  business,  his  nephew,  Samael  H. 
Drake,  Esq.  The  ensuing  year,  the  company  was  still  farther  extended 
by  the  addition  of  John  E.  Beckman,  and  John  MeDougal  Lawrence, 
as  silent  partners.  From  the  year  1823,  the  house  was  leased  from 
time  to  time,  until  1855,  when  Henry  11.  Hawthorn  and  Harvey  P. 
Hull,  purchased  the  property  of  Z.  V.  Kiugsley,  Esq.,  one  of  the  de- 
scendants of  Mr.  Van  Schoonhovcn. 

Mcisrs.  Ilawthoru  &  Hall,  greatly  extended  and  improved  the  house. 


north  end  ( 
folding,  wh 
party  were 
low,  the  fl« 
mason,  Sul 
All  the  mi 
Putnam  h 
bruised,  at 
after  the  a 
covered  fr< 
fall.  In  tl 
inflammati 
day  of  Dec 
the  buryin 
lage  of  Sai 
reer  of  th 
whose  lab( 
of  the  plac 
It  was  1 
any  other 
during  th; 

by  adding  a ' 
and  extends  f 
to  Putnam  sti 
nished  the  w 
chael,  Esq.,  ] 
the  company 
present  time, 
as  well  furni 
The  groun 
the  west  line 
Congress  Spi 
desirable  sui 


fi 


■^ 


r  of  this  vil- 
le  appropria- 
This  ground 
many  of  the 

Washington 
sent  Colum- 
icjan  now  to 
whom  would 
,  Putnam  at 
nd  return  to 
t  a  bathing  j 
n  the  ground 
six  or  eight 
al  water  for 
]g  about  fif- 
in. 

g,  and  some- 
e  from  Con- 
1,  he  begi 
ilastering  t] 


F 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 


25 


an 


!  purehnsod  by 
the  buildings  ac- 
use  for  the  ■•ecep- 
louse  until  1822, 
iievf,  Somael  H. 
[  farther  extended 
•oTignl  Lawrence, 
was  leased  from 
1  and  Hai'vey  P. 
.,  one  of  the  de- 

^roved  the  housei 


north  end  of  the  piazza,  he  was  walking  upon  the  scaf- 
folding, which  at  the  moment  gave  way,  and  the  whole 
party  were  precipitated  on  to  the  timbers  and  rocivs  be- 
low, the  floor  not  having  yet  been  laid.  The  master- 
mason,  SuUard,  died  instantly,  his  neck  being  broken. 
All  the  masons  who  fell  were  more  or  less  injured. 
Putnam  had  some  of  his  ribs  broken,  was  otherwise 
bruised,  and  was  confined  to  his  bed  for  several  weeks 
after  the  accident.  It  is  supposed  he  never  entirely  re- 
covered from  the  injuries  which  he  sustained  by  the 
fall.  In  the  ensuing  November  he  was  attacked  by  an 
inflammation  of  his  lungs,  of  which  he  died  on  the  first 
day  of  December,  1812.  His  was  the  first  body  laid  in 
the  burying-ground  which  he  had  presented  to  the  vil- 
lage  of  Saratoga  Springs.  Thus  ended  the  earthly  ca- 
reer of  this  hardy,  resolute,  and  enterprising  pioneer, 
whose  labors  were  so  interwoven  with  the  early  history 
of  the  place. 

It  was  to  Putnam  that  we  are  indebted,  more  than  to 
any  other  individual,  for  improvements  at  the  Springs, 
during  this  period  of  its  history.     His  enterprise  and 

by  adding  a  brick  wing,  which,  at''it8_  eastern  end  is  six  stories  high 
and  extends  from  the  old  building  oast  on  the  south  side  of  Bath  street, 
to  Putnam  street.  They  also  altered  many  of  the  old  rooms,  and  fur- 
nished the  whole  building  in  modern  style.  In  1857,  Kichard  McMi- 
chael,  Esq.,  purchased  Harvey  P  Hall's  interest  in  the  property,  and 
the  company  made  another  addition  to  the  building,  so  that,  at  the 
present  time,  (1859),  it  is  one  of  the  largest  hotels  in  the  country,  and 
as  well  furnished. 

The  grounds  extend  on  Broadway  379  feet,  and  east  on  Bath  street  to 
the  west  line  of  Putnam  street.  And  the  proximity  of  the  hotel  to  the 
Congress  Spring  and  its  truly  beautiful  park,  makes  it  one  of  the  most 
desirable  summer  resorts  in  Saratoga. 


i    I 


I 


\ 


26 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


M 


lf|i 


I'f 


I 
''I 

'Iffe  . 
(, 


energy  cleared  away  the  forest-trees  from  the  at\ 
cent  plains,  converted  the  rich  pineries  into  materials 
and  means  for  the  further  development  of  the  town, 
erected  puhlic  buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  visit- 
ors, opened  highways  about  the  town,  improved  and 
laid  out  streets  in  the  village  ;  excavated,  tubed  and 
secured  the  mineral  springs.  These  were  among  his 
early  elForts.  He  was  emphatically  the  man  of  his  day 
in  this  locality,  and  he  made  such  an  impression  on  the 
place  of  his  choice,  that  his  name  must  be  co-existent 
with  the  history  of  the  village,  which  his  energy  did  so 
much  to  develop.  He  possessed  a  will  which  no  ordi- 
nary obstacle  could  long  withstand,  and  by  his  exertions 
the  din  and  hum  of  civilization  soon  took  the  place  of 
the  deep  and  solemn  murmur  of  the  primitive  pine 
forest. 

Originally  a  rocky  ledge  lay  along  the  bluff  which 
faced  the  valley.  This  ledge  began  at  the  Columbian 
Spring,  thence  running  in  a  northeasterly  line  to  the 
south  side  of  Congress  street.  From  this  point  it  took 
a  more  northerly  direction,  passing  over  the  ground 
now  occupied  by  the  Congress  Hall,  and  the  present 
row  of  buildings  north  of  it,  on  the  east  side  of  Broad- 
way, until  it  reaches  the  spot  on  which  Nathan  Lewis 
built  the  second  brick  house  ever  erected  in  the  place. 
This  house  is  still  in  good  preservation,  and  is  now  oc- 
cupied by  George  H.  Fish,  as  a  drug  store.  From  this 
point,  the  rock  dipped  toward  the  north  with  so  strong 
an  angle,  that,  at  a  distance  of  only  seven  or  eight  rods, 
a  well  was  sunk  to  the  depth  of  thirty  feet  and  yet  did 
not  come  to  the  rook.     Through  a  deep  gorge  in  the 


table-land,  1 
line  street, 
gradually  ri 
this  gorge,  1 
the  High  R 
as  the  Glob 
took  a  moi 
the  upper 
Springs;  th 
"  Bear  Swa 
(now  Birch 
the  Hudsor 
which  was 
pineries.  » 
rooky  bluff 
ridge  north 
ridge  of  roc 
upon  it. 

Miles  B( 
year  1806. 
buildings  n 
side  of  Bro 
this  part  o: 
tillery  on  tl 
house  in  th 
same  build 
ton  street  i 
the  Rev.  Fi 
built  the  P 

*  Since  thi 
ished. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA, 


27 


1  the  ad 
to  nialeriat^ 
»f  the  town, 
ition  of  visit- 
nproved  and 
1,  tnbed  and 
!  among  his 
in  of  his  day 
3Ssion  on  the 
!  co-existent 
mergy  did  so 
ich  no  ordi- 
his  exertions 
the  place  of 
imitive  pine 

hluflf  which 
e  Columbian 
f  line  to  the 
point  it  took 
the  ground 
the  present 
de  of  Broad - 
athan  Lewis 
in  the  place, 
id  is  now  oc- 
I.  From  this 
nth  so  strong 
or  eight  rods, 
t  and  yet  did 
gorge  in  the 


table-land,  leading  to  the  valley  near  what  is  now  Caro- 
line street,  passed  the  surface  and  spring  water  of  the 
gradually  rising  land  which  lies  in  the  rear  ;  to  pass 
this  gorge,  the  wagon  road  from  the  Congress  Spring  to 
the  High  Rock  was  made  to  run  westerly  nearly  as  far 
as  the  Globe  Hotel.  After  passing  the  gorge,  the  road 
took  a  more  easterly  turn  to  the  upper  village.  From 
the  upper  village,  this  road  passed  through  the  Ten 
Springs ;  thence  easterly  on  the  sandy  ridge  north  of  the 
"  Bear  Swamp  "  to  Soidmore's  tavern  ;  from  Scidmore's 
(now  Birch's),  to  Grrangerville,  and  to  Schuylerville,  on 
the  Hudson  river.  This  was  the  original  road  over 
which  was  passed  all  the  lumber  of  these  extensive 
pineries.  Just  above  the  present  Columbian  Hotel,  this 
rocky  bluff  again  appears,  and  extends  to  the  sandy 
ridge  north  of  the  upper  village.  So  barren  was  this 
ridge  of  rocks,  that  only  a  few  shrubs  and  oicuta  grew 
upon  it. 

Miles  Beach  moved  here  from  Ballston,  about  the 
year  1806.  He  built  a  store  on  the  site  of  the  brick 
buildings  next  north  from  Congress  Hall,  on  the  east 
side  of  Broadway.  This  was  the  first  store  opened  in 
this  part  of  the  village.  Afterward  Beach  built  a  dis- 
tillery on  the  back  part  of  the  same  lot.  The  first  brick 
house  in  the  place  was  built  by  Ashabel  Andrews.  This 
same  building  stands  on  the  south  corner  of  Washing- 
ton street  and  Broadway,  and  was  the  late  residence  of 
the  Rev.  Francis  Wayland.*  Nathan  Lewis  afterwa.d 
built  the  Pavilion,  which  was  opened  May  26th,  1819  ; 

I*  Since  this  work  has  been  in  press,  the  bviilding  has  been  demol- 
ished. 


\ 


I   »-:.S,- W*«'»':i>^  - 


98 


HAND-BOOK   OP    SARATOGA. 


it  stood  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  and  north  from 
the  Columbian  Hotel.  The  Pavilion  was  surrounded 
by  handsome  grounds,  on  which  have  since  been  built 
the  present  Presbyterian  church  and  the  residence  of  D. 
B.  Harrington,  Esq.  The  Pavilion  was  destroyed  by 
fire  several  years  since. 

The  first  clearing  in  the  south  part  of  the  village 
was  made  by  "  Indian  Jo,"  a  half-breed,  on  the  rising 
ground  south  of  the  Union. 

In  1783,  the  springs  had  become  so  important  that 
General  Philip  Schuyler  opened  a  road  to  them, 
twelve  miles  through  a  forest  from  the  mouth  of  Fish 
creek,  where  he  had  effected  a  settlement,  erected  mills, 
and  made  many  other  improvements.  Here  he  raised  a 
tent,  under  which  he  and  his  family  remained  several 
weeks,  and  used  the  mineral  water.  And  so  much 
were  they  pleased  with  the  effects  of  the  water,  that 
the  next  year  he  built  a  small  house  for  the  use  of  him- 
self and  family  during  the  summer  season,  which  he 
continued  to  occupy  every  succeeding  year  of  his  life. 
This  was  the  first  framed  house  built  in  the  place.  It 
consisted  of  two  rooms,  with  a  stone  fireplace  and 
chimney  ;  and  was  finished  inside  and  out  with  rough 
boards. 

In  1823,  John  Fohd  built  the  original  part  of  the 
United  States  Hotel.  Two  years  after  he  added  the 
south  wing.  Afterward  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
James  M.  Marvin  &  Co.  This  company  made  annual 
improvements  in  the  buildings  and  grounds.  This  ho- 
tel is  now  one  of  the  most  capacious  and  fashionable 
public  houses  in  the  country.     There  are  about  six 


acres  in  the 
of  roof  to  CO 

The  Ta^ 
chants  in  th 
and  also  car 
lors  were  ac 
or  less  conn( 
ing  to  the  e« 

William  '' 
Water  bury. 
1766.  At  1 
Anna  Crawf 
grated  with 
ton,  Saratog 
then  purcha 
Elihu  Winj 
after  he  so' 
hundred  acr 
Congress  st 
this  land  he 
cuted  by  Tl 
residents  of 
brother  San: 
of  land  whi( 
afterward  s 
proved  his  \ 
then  sold  it 
on  the  north 
cupied  by 
which  was 

♦  For  a  I 


^ 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


29   • 


north  from 
surrounded 
been  built 
dence  of  D. 
Dstroyed  by 

the  village 
a  the  rising 

)ortant  that 
1  to  them, 
ith  of  Fish 
ected  mills, 
I  he  raised  a 
ned  several 
d  so  much 
water,  that 
use  of  him- 
1,  which  he 
of  his  life, 
e  place.  It 
replace  and 
with  rough 

part  of  the 
)  added  the 
le  hands  of 
lade  annual 
.  This  ho- 
[  fashionable 
e  about  six 


acres  in  the  grounds,  and  it  requires  a  mile  and  a  half 
of  roof  to  cover  the  buildings. 

The  Taylor  Brothers,  who  were  the  first  mer- 
chants in  the  place,  began  business  at  the  upper  village, 
and  also  carried  on  a  heavy  lumber  trade.  The  Tay- 
lors were  active,  correct  business  men,  and  were  more 
or  less  connected  with  all  the  important  events  belong- 
ing to  the  early  history  of  the  country.* 

William  Waterbury  was  the  son  of  Josiah  and  Mary 
Waterbury.  He  was  born  in  Stamford,  Vt- ,  Nov.  24, 
1766.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  years  he  married  Miss 
Anna  Crawford.  When  twenty-one  years  of  age  he  emi- 
grated with  his  wife  to  East  line,  in  the  town  of  Balls- 
ton,  Saratoga  county.  Here  he  remained  two  years,  and 
then  purchased  the  farm  now  occupied  and  owned  by 
Elihu  Wing,  in  the  town  of  Greenfield.  Two  years 
after  he  sold  this  farm,  and  purchased  a  farm  of  one 
hundred  acres,  which  lies  next  south  of  what  is  now 
Congress  street,  in  the  west  part  of  the  village.  For 
this  land  he  paid  $3  25  per  acre.  His  deed  was  exe- 
cuted by  Thomas  Storms  and  John  K.  Beekman,  then 
residents  of  the  city  of  New- York.  William  and  his 
brother  Samuel  afterward  came  in  possession  of  a  piece 
of  land  which  had  been  owned  by  Benjamin  Risley,  and 
afterward  sold  by  him  to  Silas  Duel.  Samuel  im- 
proved his  part,  and  occupied  it  for  several  years,  and 
then  sold  it  to  Frederick  Ellsworth.  A  part  of  the  house 
on  the  north  side  of  Congress  street,  now  owned  and  oc- 
cupied by  Jonathan  Pitney,  is  the  original  building 
which  was  put  on  the  land  by  Samuel  Waterbury. 

*  For  a  full  history  of  tUe  Taylors,  see  Steele's  Analysis. 


« 


V 


^ 


I 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


After  the  land  was  sold  to  Ellsworth,  Samuel  Water- 
bury  removed  to  Chautauque  county.     "William  Water- 
bury  occupied  himself  with  his  farm,  and  made  agricul- 
ture his  main  business,  to  which  he  afterward  added 
that  of  a  butcher,  and  supplied  the  settlement  generally 
with  their  fresh  meat.     In  the  winter  seasons  he  was 
employed  with  his  team  in  hauling  lumber  for  his  neigh- 
bors,  from    the    surrounding   pineries  to  the   Hudson 
river.     Waterbury  connected  himself  with  the  Baptist 
church  in  the  year  1811.     The  society  was  then  under 
the  care  of  Rev.  E.  P.  Langworthy,  who  remained  its 
pastor  for  eighteen  consecutive  years.     Their  first  house 
of  worship  was  a  log  building,  and  stood  on  Shipman's 
hill,  about  four  miles  south  of  the  springs.     They  next, 
in  1809,  built  a  frame  house  on  the  Ellis  farm,  two 
miles  south  of  the  village,  which    building   was   re- 
moved  up  to  the  village,  and  is  now  one  of  the  out- 
buildings  of   the  United  States  Hotel.     Some  beauti- 
ful  trees   standing    about   eighty  rods  east  of  Carri- 
gan's  mills,  on  the  south  road  which  leads  to  the  resi- 
dence of  Isaac  Patrick,  mark    the    place  which  this 
building  occupied.     The  society  continued  to  meet  at 
this  place,  until  1821,  at  which  time  they   erected  a 
house   of  worship,   on  a  lot  presented  to  the   society 
by  Gideon  Putnam's  heirs.    The  present  Baptist  church 
edifice,  completed  in  1856,  stands  on  the  same  spot. 

At  the  time  Gideon  Putnam  laid  out  the  village,  he 
set  apart  this  site,  on  which  to  erect  a  house  of  worship, 
and  directed  it  to  be  given  to  any  religious  society  who| 
would  place  upon  it  a  suitable  building.      The  Baptist 
society  were  the  first  applicants,  and  it  was  accordinglyj 
deeded  to  them  by  the  heirs  of  Gideon  Putnam. 


When  Wil 

ho  owed  the 

had   but  two 

also  had  a  m 

a  small  outfi 

to  begin  lifi 

constable,  wi 

years.     He  ( 

•  Hon.  Hen 

of  the  place, 

8th  day  of  0 

he  was  sent 

ship  of  Petei 

purpose  of 

returned  to 

study  of  law 

After  the  ci 

1790,  he  rei 

of  Saratoga 

and  built  a 

"  Delavan  i 

the  year  18 

of  Porter,  a 

Albany,  wh( 

time  he  rem 

took  possesi 

from  his  fat 

During  his 

juilt  the  ho 

This  house 


"ii 


J_ 


I 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


31 


lel  Water- 
lam  Water- 
ide  agricul- 
vard  added 
it  generally 
ions  he  was 
r  his  neigh- 
he  Hudson 
the  Baptist 

then  under 
jmained  its 
ir  first  house 
1  Shipman's 

They  next, 
s  farm,  two 
ng   was    re- 

of  the  out- 
ome  heauti- 
st  of  Carri- 
s  to  the  resi- 
>  which  this 
[  to  meet  at 
jy   erected  a 
I  the   society 
aptist  church 
lame  spot, 
le  village,  he 
se  of  worship, 
3  society  who 

The  Baptist 
IS  accordinglyj 


When  William  Watorbury  first  reached  the  county, 
ho  owed  the  man  who  moved  him  seven  dollars,  and 
had  but  two  and  a  hall'  dollars  to  pay  him  with.      He 
also  had  a  mowing  scythe,  and  a  ])oclvet  knife.     Really 
a  small  outfit  of  implements,  and  not  over-well  adapted 
to  begin  life  in  a   forest  wilderness.     He  was  elected 
constable,  which  office  ho  continuously  filled  for  eleven 
years.     He  died  on  the  Ifith  July,  1843. 
•  Hon.  Henry  Walton,  one  of  the  largest  land-holders 
of  the  place,  was  born  in^he  city  of  "New- York,  on  the 
8th  day  of  October,  1768.     At  the  ago  of  twelve  years, 
he  was  sent  to  England,  under  the  special  guardian- 
ship of  Peter  Van  Schaack,  Esq.,  of  Kinderhook,  for  the 
purpose  of  being  educated.     In  his  twentieth  year,  he 
returned  to  the  city  of  New- York,  and  commenced  the 
study  of  law,  under  the  direction  of  the  late  Aaron  Burr. 
After  the  conclusion  of  his  legal   studies,  in  tho  year 
1790,  he  removed  to  the  town  of  Ballston,  in  the  county 
of  Saratoga,  where  ho  had  purchased  a  tract  of  land, 
and  built  a  house.      This  place  is  now  known  as  tho 
"  Delavan  farm."      He  remained  upon  this  farm  until 
the  year  1810,  when  he  sold  it  to  a  man  by  the  ivame 
of  Porter,  and  removed  with  his  family  to  the  city  of 
Albany,  where  he  resided  until  the  year  1816  ;  at  which 
time  he  removed  to  the  village  of  Saratoga  Springs,  and 
took  possession  of  the  real  estate  which  he  inherited 
from  his  father,  and  his  uncle,  who  died  without  issue. 
During  his  residence  in  Albany,  or  in  i   o  year  1815,  he 
uilt  the  house  now  occupied  by  Chancellor  Walworth.* 
This  house  he  occupied  for  a  few  years,  when  he  re- 


;nam. 


*  Pine  Grovo. 


L 


m- 


\ 


89 


HANO-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


turned  to  the  city  of  New- York.  After  an  absence  of 
five  years,  ho  returned  to  KSaratoga  Springs,  and  imme- 
diately erected  a  beautiful  country  scat  on  that  part  of 
his  real  estate  lying  north  of  the  village,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  "  Wood  Lawn."  His  possessions  in 
this  place  were  bounded  by  what  is  now  Congress  street, 
on  the  south ;  John  Denton's  farm  on  the  north  ;  and 
lands  of  Jacobus  Barhydt,  and  others,  on  the  east.  He 
possessed,  also,  many  other  tracts  of  land  in  other  por- 
tions of  the  county.  This  trjct  of  land  included  all  the 
present  village  of  Saratoga  Springs,  except  what  lies 
south  of  Congress  street,  and  all  the  mineral  fountains 
lying  north  of  said  street,  and  within  the  limits  above 
described. 

Henry  Walton  was  a  tall,  fine-looking  man ;  truly 
gentlemanlike  in  his  manners  and  feelings,  he  had  the 
faculty  of  binding  to  himself  in  close  social  ties  the  edu- 
cated and  refined  aboyt  him.  He  was  warmly  attached 
to  the  Episcopal  church,  and  was  one  of  the  principal 
men  whose  early  eflbrts  were  brought  to  bear  in  behalf 
of  this  society  at  the  Springs.  To  him  belongs  the 
honor  of  presenting  the  site  for  the  first  Presbyterian 
edifice  built  in  this  place.*  And  also  the  site  occupied 
by  the  Universalist  church  on  Church  street.  The 
grounds  now  occupied  by  the  "  Broadway  Hotel,"  were 
given  to  the  Methodists  by  him.  He  excavated  the  shaft, 
tubed  the  Flat-rock  Spring,  and  built  over  it  a  chaste 
little  Chinese  structure,  which  remained  over  the  foun- 


i 


*  The  Rev.  D.  O.  Grieswold  wns  the  officiating  clergyman  of  this  so-, 
cioty,  at  the  time  the  edifice  was  erected,  and  to  wliose  efforts  the  so- 
ciety is  largely  indebted  for  its  early  prosperity  and  usefulness. 


tain  for  ma 
and  tubed  i 
Mr.  Walton 
mind ;  witl 
travel  and  i 
his  skill  in 
several  res 
•*  Wood  La 
Mr.  Lewis  i 
city  of  New 
in  the  sevei 


The  val 
region  ocou 
posed.  It : 
river,  in  th( 
rection  to 
Springs ;  it 
north,  and 
the  county 
ordinary  hi 
vary  far  M 
waters  are 
range.  It 
Albany,  ani 
makes  its  c 
which  hav 
qualities,  h 
nean  agem 


HAND-BOOK   OP    SARATOGA, 


33 


absence  of 
and  imme- 
hat  part  of 

0  which  he 
ssessions  in 
jress  street, 
north  ;  and 
3  east.     He 

1  other  por- 
ided  all  the 
t  what  lies 
il  fountains 
imits  above 

nan ;  truly 
he  had  the 
ies  the  edu- 
ily  attached 
le  principal 
r  in  behalf 
jelongs  the 
resbyterian 
te  occupied 
reet.  The 
otel,"  were 
d  the  shaft, 
it  a  chaste 
sr  the  foun- 


lan  of  this  so- 
cffortB  the  so 
ilnesB. 


tain  for  many  years  after  his  death.  Ho  also  excavated 
and  tubed  the  President,  now  called  the  Iodine  Spring. 
Mr.  Walton  was  a  man  of  high  culture,  and  polished 
mind  ;  with  tastes  refined  by  nature,  and  cultivated  by 
travel  and  observation.  He  was  his  own  architect,  and 
his  skill  in  this  branch  of  art  has  been  illustrated  in  his 
several  residences,  at  Ballston,  Saratoga,  Q-rcenfield, 
'*  Wood  Lawn,"  and  in  the  "  Pavilion  Hotel,"  built  by 
Mr.  Lewis  in  the  years  181S  and  1819.  He  died  in  the 
city  of  New- York,  on  the  15th  day  of  September,  1844, 
in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his  age. 


CHAPTER   III. 

The  valley  along  which  the  mineral  waters  of  this 
region  occur,  is  more  extensive  than  is  generally  sup- 
posed. It  is  first  traceable  on  t'.j  b^ks  of  the  Hudson 
river,  in  the  city  of  Albany,  runs  in  a  northwesterly  di- 
rection to  the  village  of  Ballston,  thence  to  Saratoga 
Springs ;  it  then  takes  a  course  a  little  to  the  east  of 
north,  and  finally  in  a  line  north  of  east,  to  Argyle,  in 
the  county  of  Washington  ;  a  distance,  which,  by  the 
ordinary  highways  of  the  country,  would  probably  not 
vary  far  fiftm  sixty  miles.  The  acidulous  carbonated 
waters  are  found  at  different  places  along  this  mineral 
range.  It  has  been  discovered  by  boring  in  the  city  of 
Albany,  and  in  Ballston,  and  Saratoga  ;  but  it  generally 
makes  its  own  way  to  the  surface,  and  all  the  fountains 
which  have  become  distinguished  for  their  medicinal 
qualities,  have  been  thrown  to  the  surface  by  subterra- 
nean agencies.  -* 

2* 


,  I 


\ 


34 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 


The  Albany  well  was  discovered  by  Messrs.  Boyd  and 
McCulloch,  in  the  year  1826,  while  boring  for  fresh 
water  for  the  use  of  a  brewery  in  Ferry  street.  This 
boring  was  carried  down  four  hundred  and  sixty  foet. 
From  this  depth,  the  water  rose  nearly  to  the  surface, 
and  was  found  to  have  a  sparkling  appearance,  with  an 
acid  and  saline  taste.  At  the  same  time,  another  gas 
was  detected  rising  from  the  well,  which  was  afterwards 
proved  to  be  carburetted  hydrogen.  The  boring  was 
then  resumed,  and  continued  to  the  depth  of  six  hun- 
dred feet,  while  the  saline  waters,  and  both  the  above 
gases,  continued  to  rise  from  the  perforation.  The  idea 
of  obtaining  fresh  water  at  this  depth  was  abandoned  ; 
but  the  well  was  carefully  tubed,  tht,  gases  separated, 
and  the  saline  water  impregnated  with  the  carbonic 
acid  was  raised  to  the  surface  by  a  mechanical  pro- 
cess. 

Subsequently,  Mr.  McCulloch  commenced  boring  a 
second  time  for  fresh  water,  a  few  rods  from  the  former 
place.  In  this  instan-e.  at  the  depth  of  thirty  feet,  he 
discovered  a  vein  of  yuneral  water  which  was  highly 
charged  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  and  at  the  re- 
spective depths,  as  in  the  previous  boring,  the  car- 
burretted  hydrogen  and  again  the  carbonic  acid  gases 
were  emitted.*  Thus  was  presented  tke  singular 
and  interesting  fact,  that,  in  this  locality,  at  least, 
are  to  be  found  sulphuretted  hydrogen  below  carburetted 
hydrogen,  and  finally  carbonic  acid  gas,  all  issuing  in 
large  quantities,  but  at  different  depths,  from  the  same 

opening. 

The  owners  were  so  well  pleased  with  their  discovery 

*  Geological  Survey. 


that  thoy 
This  giirdoi 
and  adjoin 
accominudi 
present  tin 
raroly  drar 
is  abandon 

When  tl 
one  of  the 
ingly,  thus 
the  two. 
proved  to  1 
and  Ballsfc 
is  the  Hui 

The  spo 
at  60^  Fal 
to  52°.  'J 
and  the  ot 
pint  of  wn 

Chloriilc 
Carboim 
Carboiw 
Cai'bon« 
Cai'boni 
Chloria 


Carboni 

Of  the ] 
the  Fult 
Spring;  a 
as  the  pri 


Boyd  and 
;  for  fresh 
3ct.      This 

sixty  feet, 
le  surfiir-n, 
10,  with  an 
mother  gas 
afterwards 
boring  was 
)f  six  hun- 

the  above 

The  idea 

ibandoned ; 

separated, 
B  carbonic 
anical  pro- 

d  boring  a 
the  former 
rty  feet,  he 
was  highly 
d  at  the  re- 
g,  the  car- 
acid  gases 
te  singular 
y,  at  least, 
carburetted 
[  issuing  in 
m  the  same 

it  discovery 


IIAND-llOOK    OF    HAU/VTOOA.  3<J 

tliat  thoy  afturward  fittod  up  a  "  Minnral  Garden." 
This  garden  inolndod  tho  minural  fountains,  tho  grounds, 
and  adjoining  buildings,  construc-tod  with  tiio  view  of 
accommodating  largo  (ioUcotions  of  people  ;  but  at  tho 
present  time  it  has  lost  its  early  charms  ;  tho  water  is 
rarely  drank,  and  tho  ga-^den,  as  a  place  of  amusement, 
is  abandoned. 

When  the  watei;.was  drawn  in  large  quantities  from 
one  of  tho  wells,  tho  water  in  tho  other  fell  correspond- 
in"ly,  thus  proving  a  subterranean  connection  between 
the  two.  Tho  chemical  constituents  of  the  water  were 
proved  to  be  similar  to  those  of  tho  waters  of  Saratoga 
and  Ballston.  The  rock  in  which  this  water  is  found, 
is  tho  Hudson  river  slate. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  water  with  tho  atmosphere 
at  60^  Fah.,  is  1.00900.  Temperature  of  tho  well  r^\° 
to  52°.  Two  analyses  of  tho  same,  one  by  Dr.  Mead, 
and  tho  other  by  Professor  Beck,  are  as  follows,  in  one 
pint  of  water,  viz : 

^                                                                                                     Oraius.  CirainH. 

Chloriac  of  Sotlium 63-0"  ■'>!»  "'l 

CarboimtoofSodn 5-OU  5.00 

Cftrbonftte  of  Lime 4-00  4.00 

Caiboimto  of  Miijrnesia .• 2  00  1.50 

Carboimto  of  Ti-oii  nml  Silex LOO  1.00 

Chloride  of  Calcium ^^ 

75.00    71.00 

Cubic  inches. 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 28.00    20.00 

Of  the  Ballston  Fountains,  the  United  States  Spring, 
the  Fulton  Clial.i/beate  Spring;  the  Franklin  Sulphur 
Spring-,  and  the  Loiv  Well,  may  be,  perhaps,  mentioned 
as  the  principal  fountains. 


I 


\ 


36 


IIAND-DOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


'I  I 


I   I 


The  ftmount  of  rtas  in  tho  Ballston  fountains,  and  the 
manner  of  its  escape,  havo  varied  very  much  at  dilFor- 
ont  times.  Somctim(!s  it  passes  od'  quietly,  and  in 
small  particles,  and  tho  tiny  hubldes  of  i^'as  in  risiniT, 
impart  a  continuous  simmering  motion  to  tho  surface 
of  tho  water.  Again,  the  gas  will  rise  in  largo  volumes, 
and  at  intervals,  when  tho  water  presents  by  turns  a 
surface  unrndlcd,  and  a  strong  boiling  motion  ;  and 
once  in  the  history  of  this  place,  tho  gas  rose  in  such 
quantity  and  with  so  much  force  as  to  produce  a  jet 
several  feet  in  height.  This  unusual  action  lasted  but 
a  short  time,  and  after  it  subsided,  gas  rose,  as  now,  in 
gontio  bubbles  through  tho  water  in  tho  spring,  and 
along  the  stream  below  the  fountain. 

If  we  pursue  the  mineral  range  five  miles  in  a  north- 
easterly direction  from  Ballston,  we  come  to  the  Ellis 
Spring.  This  Spring  issues  from  tho  slate  rnrk  which 
crops  out  at  this  place.  This  fountain  has  never  been 
properly  secured,  still  the  water  is  sufficiently  pure  to 
establish  its  acidulous  carbonated  character.  Farther 
on  in  a  northeasterly  direction  the  springs  of  Saratoga 
rise  to  the  surface  through  the  cakiferous  sandstone. 
Here  within  the  distance  of  a  mile,  rise  fifteen  of  these 
mineral  fountains,  each  one  differing  from  all  the  rest 
yet  holding  the  same  kind  of  chemical  constituent 
which  accompany  acidulous  carbonated  waters,  but 
varying  in  their  proportions. 

The  existence  of  carbonic  acid  in  this  vicinity,  is 
not  li.  ^'ted  to  the  springs,  for  it  is  found  in  the  clay 
formations  of  the  surrounding  country.  But  as  soon  as 
the  clay  passes  directly  over  the  metamorphio  rocks, 


which  on 

westerly 

tions  coas 

tho  subje 

directly  tl 

south  httl 

the  north 

to  tho  noi 

nut  abun 

The  la 

from  so  r 

surface  f( 

ous  sour 

are  not  a 

duced. 

Still  c 

village   i 

springs 

farm  fot 

known  a 

One  } 

owned  1 

the  Stev 

pearanci 

Corners 

now  ow 

is  anotl 

characti 

And 

village 

the  gr( 


|l:f-l 


ItAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


37 


IS,  and  the 
h  at  dilTor- 
ly,  and  in 
■i  in  rising, 
;ho  Hurfdco 
;o  volumes, 
by  turns  a 
otion  ;  and 
ISO  in  such 
duco  a  jot 
lasted  but 
as  now,  in 
pring,  and 

in  a  north- 
j  the  Ellis 
'ork  which 
lovcr  been 
;ly  pure  to 
.  Farther 
f  Saratoga 
sandstone, 
in  of  these 
ill  the  rest 
sonstituent 
aters,   but 

noinity,  is 

in  the  clay 

as  soon  as 

)hio  rocks. 


which  crop  out  within  about  two  milns,  in  a  north- 
westerly diro.non  from  the  villa^ro,   acidulous  indica- 
tions oonso.     And  in  tho  course  of  my  experiments  upon 
the  subject,  I  found  a  brick-yard  where  this  lino  i)asse8 
directly" through  the  centre  of  the  works  ;  the  clay  in  tho 
south  half  showing  active  effervescence,  while  that  in 
tho  north  half  was  unaffected  by  tho  acid.     A  few  rods 
to  tho  north  of  the  yard,  tho  motamorphic  rooks  cropped 
out  abundantly  and  boldly,  through  tho  adjacent  fields 
The  largo  quantity  of  this  gas  which  is  disengaged 
from  so  many  fountains,  and  which  saturates  the  whole 
surface  for  miles  around  tho  springs,  must  have  a  copi- 
ous  source  in  the  earth's   crust ;  but  men  of  science 
are  not  agreed  as  to  the  laboratory  in  which  it  is  pro- 

duccd.  ,.      .•      r        xu 

Still  continuing  in  a  northeastern  direction  from  tho 
villace  for  about  one  mile,  we  find  more  than  ten 
sprincrs  bubbling  up  from  the  earth'^  surface,  on  the 
farm°formerly  owned  by  John  and  Ziba  Taylor,  now 
known  as  the  "  Ten  Springs." 

One  half  mile  farther  to  the  east,  on  land  formerly 
owned  by  Richard  Searing,  but  more  lately  known  as 
the  Stewart  farm,  another  mineral  spring  makes  its  ap- 
pearance. Still  northeast,  and  midway  between  "  Doe's 
Corners,''  and  "  Emerson's  Corners,"  and  on  the  farm 
now  owned  by  Daniel  Gaylor,  in  the  town  of  Wilton, 
is  another  spring,  clearly  of  the  acidulous  carbonated 

character.  .    ,     j.         xr. 

And  in  a  direction  a  little  more  easterly  from  the 
village  of  Saratoga  Springs,  in  the  town  of  Saratoga,  is 
the  group  called  the  Quaker   Springs.      Hero  three 


\ 


1    1 


I    ll, 


I'  * 


:<• 


I    ' 


38 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


springs  of  tho  acidulous  carbonated  character,  issue 
from  tho  Hudson  rircr  sidle. 

(See  article  ReeiVs  Springs,  p.  59.) 

There  is,  probably,  little  doubt  but  that  the  mineral 
water  underlies  the  country  throughout  this  range, 
from  Albany  to  Argyle,  in  Washington  county,  taking 
a   circuitous   route    through     Ballston    and 


« 


■prmgs. 


Saratoga 


HIGH    ROCK    SPRING. 


The  High  Rock  Spring  is  justly  considered  one  of 
the  greatest  natural  curiosities  in  the  country.     It  has 
been  known,  and  was  used  medicinally  by  the  aborigines. 
Dr.  John  H.  Steel  gave  the  first  soientifio  description  of 
the  rock,    and  it  was  published    in    Silliman's  Jour- 
nal,  pp.  242,   246.     Dr.  Valentine  Seaman    in  1809,* 
also  published  a  description  of  the  spring  ;  and  in  the 
course  of  his  remarks,  he  says  :  "  The  more  we  reflect 
upon  it,  the  more  we  must  be  convinced  of  the  import- 
ant  place  this  rock  ought  to  hold  among  the  wonderful 
works  of  nature.     Had   it  stood  on  the  borders  of  the 
Logo  d'x\.gnans,  the  noted  Grotto  del  Cani,  which,  since 
the    peculiar   properties   of    carbonic    acid   have   been 
known,  burdens  almost  every  book  which  treats  upon 
the  gas,  would  never  have  been  heard  of  beyond  the 
environs  of  Naples;  while  this  fountain,  in  its  place, 
would  have  been  deservedly  celebrated   in  story,  and 
spread  upon  canvas,  to  the  admiration  of  the  world   as 
one  of  tho  greatest  curiosities." 

*  The  first  edition  of  Dr.  Seaman's  work  was  published  in  1793. 


oter,   issue 


lie  mineral 

liis   range, 

ity,  taking 

Saratoga 


ed  one  of 
y.  It  has 
iborigincs. 
jription  of 
m's  Jour- 
in  1809,* 
nd  in  the 
we  reflect 
lie  import- 
wonderful 
lers  of  the 
lich,  since 
lave  been 
Bats  upon 
eyond  the 
its  place, 
tory,  and 
world,  as 

in  1793. 


set 


s 


PM 

I 


CO 

O 

I 

CO 


s 


CO 


Id 


A4 

O 

m 

i:3 


o 


»5 
S 

ra 

1-3 

-"1 

I 


it^  ^<, ": 


'  <u>    *    * 


.#fe 

jygg«B»      '   1         ,'i( 

o 

(»aiw         s            •■ 

1^. 

•  ^         ^     1v-*, 

^W^*'3 

\ 


'Ml 


w  \ 


/ 


M 

-"1 

I 


22 


SB 


^ 

s 


■3 

a. 


p. 


o 


a: 


\ 


1 

ill 


m\i 


«*# 


The  fo 
was  caref 

At  the  811 

is 

Dinmoter  i 
ITeigtit  of 
AVator  in  I 
Depth  of  1 
From  the 

The  wa 
throughoi 
rock,  not 

Water 
own  vok 
volumes  ( 
sure  alor 
temperati 
of  carbon 
tion  in  th 
iron.  T 
materials 
and  twigi 
not  an  is 
Saratoga, 
found  ab( 
charged  ^ 
but  one  \ 
precipitai 
the  fount 
oipitates 
will,  in  t 
careous  i 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA.  89 

The  following  measurement  of  High  Rook  Spring 
was  carefully  made  in  1856  : 

At  the  surface  of  the  ground,  the  circuinforeuco  of  tlie  High  Rock 

13 ' 24  foot    4  inches. 

Dinmoter  of  aperture,  four  inches  below  the  top  12       " 

Height  of  the  rock  above  tli(^  ground 3     "      C       " 

AVater  in  the  rock  above  the  ground 1     "      4       " 

Depth  of  the  spring  from  the  top  of  the  rock.  10     "      0      " 

From  the  top  of  the  rook  to  the  water  within.  2      "    2      " 

The  walls  of  the  rock  are  of  nearly  uniform  thickness 
throughout.  This  gives  a  pyramid  of  water  within  the 
rock,  not  dissimilar  in  form  to  its  external  surface. 

Water  under  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  holds  its 
own  volume  of  carbonic  acid  gas  in  solution ;  more 
volumes  of  the  gas  may  be  dissolved  in  water  by  pres- 
sure alone.  The  mineral  waters  of  Saratoga,  at  the 
temperature  of  212°  disengages  one  and  a  half  volumes 
of  carbonic  acid.  The  mineral  substances  held  in  solu- 
tion in  the  springs  by  this  gas,  are  magnesia,  lime  and 
iron.  These  substances,  together  with  a  few  other 
materials  from  the  surroundings  of  the  fountains,  leaves 
and  twigs  of  trees,  compose  the  High  Rock.  This  is 
not  an  isolated  instance  of  this  kind  of  formation  at 
Saratoga,  for  deposits  more  or  less  extensive  may  be 
found  about  the  aperture  of  the  springs.  This  highly 
charged  water,  on  rising  to  the  atmosphere,  can  hold 
but  one  volume  of  the  gas  in  solution.  It,  therefore, 
precipitates  its  excess  of  carbonates  about  the  orifice  of 
the  fountain,  in  small  particles  at  a  time.  If  these  pre- 
cipitates are  suffered  to  rest  and  to  accumulate,  they 
will,  in  time,  unite  with  each  other,  and  a  rock  of  cal- 
careous tufa  of  greater  or  less  size  is  the  result.     ( See 


\ 


^■:'4;" 


'» 


m  i 


40 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


plate.)     The  Flat  Rock  being  covered  by  the  soil  has 
not  been  so  frequently  seen,  yet  quite  a  large  amount 
of  this  deposit  has  been  thrown  down  at  this  place. 
About  the  mouth  of  the  Empire  Spring  was  also  a  deposit 
of  tufa,  in  the  form,  and  about  the  size  of  an  inverted  two 
quart  bowl,  having  in  its  top  a  perforation  of  about  two 
inches  in  diameter,  and  of  an  oval  form.     And  from  the 
nature  of  the  case,  these  deposits  must  always  be  going  on. 
But  currents  of  water  may  move  them  away  mechani- 
cally, before  they  have  a  period  of  repose  long  enough 
to  accumulate  and  become  cemented  together.      This 
was  the  case  with  the  original  Congress  Spring.     The 
position  of  the  rock,  out  of  the  side  of  which  it  flowed, 
and  the  shape  of  the  surface  of  the  ground,  together 
with  its  rapid  descent  to  the  brook  which  runs  near, 
would  prevent  any  accumulation  of  tufa  at  this  spring. 
But  the  relations  of  the  new  Congress  diflfer  from  the 
old.     At  the  mouth  of  the  former,  a  deposit  of  tufa  has 
been  made,  containing  pieces  of  tumblers,  pins,  and  a 
large  proportion  of  Silex,  together  with  many  other  ex- 
traneous substances,  instead  of  the  small  twigs  and 
leaves  of  trees  which  occasionally  occur  in  specimens  of 
the  kind.     This  variety  in  the  conglomerates,  while  it 
shows  the  surrounding  circumstances  at  different  periods, 
at  the  same  time  proves  the  general  principle. 

It  will  be  seen  then,  that  the  High  Rook  is  not  sui 
generis,  as  some  may  have  supposed  ;  but  it  neverthe- 
less, so  far  as  is  known,  is  the  g-reat  specimen  of  its 
kind.  It  stands  high  above  the  ground,  is  accessible, 
but  yet  it  is  to  be  feared,  that  there  are  but  a  few  com- 
paratively who  view  it,  who  fully  realize  the  fact,  that 


the'speoi 
able  of  i\ 

And  ii 
upon  the 
sacredly 
a  single 
a  specin: 
son  is  in 

Thisv 
be  used 
Congress 
to  be  less 
ity  of  ca 
spring  h 
of  our  b( 
hotels  of 
it  ought 
situated 
from  the 
rapidly  i 
The  groi 
is  it  not 
been  left 
seen  as  i 

In  the 
of  the  I 
agent, 
diately 
springs, 

*  Since 
been  erect 


.  j-A,^,-^^ 


-V  , 


HAND-BOOK    O?    SARATOGA. 


41 


the  soil  has 
'ge  amount 
this  place. 
Iso  a  deposit 
inverted  two 
f  ahout  two 
nd  from  the 
be  going  on. 
ly  mechani- 
ong  enough 
ther.  This 
pring.  The 
jh  it  flowed, 
tid,  together 

runs  near, 

this  spring, 
er  from  the 
;  of  tufa  has 

pins,  and  a 
ny  other  ex- 
1  twigs  and 
specimens  of 
tes,  while  it 
srent  periods, 
lie. 
3k  is  not  sui 

it  neverthe- 
cimen  of  its 
is  accessible, 
t  a  few  com- 
the  fact,  that 


the'specimen  before  them  is  p*"^'    .j.y  the  most  remark- 
able of  its  kind  upon  the  whole  face  of  the  earth. 

And  in  this  connection  may  I  be  permitted  to  urge 
upon  the  inhabitants  of  the  village,  as  well  as  strangers, 
sacredly  to  abstain  from  marring,  defacing,  or  removing 
a  single  atom  of  the  stone.  For  be  it  remembered,  as 
a  specimen,  it  belongs  to  the  world.  And  every  per- 
son is  in  duty  bound  to  protect  it. 

This  water,  as  we  have  elsewhere  said,  continued  to 
be  used  by  the  inhabitants,  until  the  discovery  of  the 
Congress  Spring,  in  the  year  1792  ;  which,  as  it  jjroved 
to  be  less  stimulating,  was  better  adapted  to  the  major- 
ity of  oases  than  the  High  Rock.  The  water  of  this 
spring  has  always  been  uniform  in  quality,  and  is  one 
of  our  best  tonics.  It  is  a  little  remote  from  the  large 
hotels  of  the  place,  and  is  not  therefore  so  much  used  as 
it  ought  to  be,  by  debilitated  patients.  This  spring  is 
situated  in  the  north  part  of  the  valley,  a  short  distance 
from  the  Iodine  and  Empire  Springs.  The  rocks  rise 
rapidly  in  its  rear,  to  the  height  of  thirty  or  forty  fdet. 
The  grounds  about  the  springs  are  unimproved.  And 
is  it  not  a  pity,  that  the  original  forest-trees  had  not 
been  left  standing,  so  that  this  great  specimen  might  be 
seen  as  nearly  as  possible,  in  its  primitive  state  ?  * 

In  the  year  1767,  the  Indians  introduced  the  waters 

of  the  High  Rock  Spring  to  the  whites,  as  a  remedial 

agent.     During  the  quarter  of  a  century  which  imme- 

diately  followed    Sir  William   Johnson's   visit  to  the 

springs,  but  few  improvements  were  made,  and  these 

*  Since  the  piililication  of  this  work,  ft  tasteful  brick  building  has 
been  erected  over  the  spring,  by  W.  B.  White,  Esq. 


J_ 


\ 


42 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


were  limited  to  the  immodiato  vicinity  of  the  His»h 
Rock  ;  and'  tho  knowledge  of  the  country  which  the 
whites  possessed,  whs  also  confined  to  such  portions  of 
it,  as  lay  along  tho  trails  which  led  from  tho  settlements 
on  the  river  and  tho  lake  to  tho  mineral  fountains.  \ct 
the  spring  continued  to  attract  more  and  more  attention. 
Persons  travelling  from  one  section  of  the  country  to 
another,  if  practicable,  took  the  mineral  fountain  in 
their  way,  drank  the  water,  and  amused  themselves  in 
hunting  in  the  surrounding  forests. 

CONGRESS   SPRING. 

In  the  year  1792,  or  twenty-five  years  after  the  visit 
of  Johnson  to  the  springs,  one  of  these  parties  had  been 
on  a  luuiting  excursion  in  a  southerly  direction  from  tho 
^''  n  'I  High  Rook,  and  when  returning  to  tho  settlement,  en- 

tered upon  a  trail  which  led  them  to  a  new  spring.  At 
that  time  the  water  flowed  from  an  aperture  in  a  rock, 
which  was  a  part  of  the  general  ledge  which  extended 
from  the  Columbian  Spring  to  the  High  Rock.  7.'he 
direction  of  this  ledge  was  nearly  cast,  for  about  t'Ao 
hundred  feet  from  the  Columbian  Spring  ;  at  this  point 
the  ledge  took  a  more  northerly  direction.  This  chargw 
in  its  course  gave  a  prominence  to  the  portion  of  the 
rook  situated  at  the  angle.  And  this  was  the  point 
from  which  issued  the  original  Congress  Spring.  This 
rock  was  about  three  feet  high,  and  the  aperture  through 
which  the  water  flowed  was  about  eighteen  inches  from 
the  ground.  The  water  trickled  over  the  side  of  the 
rock,  which  lay  within  a  few  feet  of  the  brook,  and  soon 
mingled  with  the  stream,  and  passed  away  through  the 
valley.     One  of  this  hunting  party  was  John  Taylor 


the  His^h 
which  the 
portions  of 
lettlenionts 
ains.  Yet 
3  attention, 
country  to 
ountain  in 
jmselves  in 


er  the  visit 
?.s  had  been 
on  from  the 
lement,  en- 
?pring.  At 
0  in  a  rock, 
;h  extended 
Rock.     The 

about  t'Ao 
t  this  point 
This  chargtj 
rtion  of  the 
s  the  point 
jring.  This 
ture  through 
inches  from 

side  of  the 
ok,  and  soon 
through  the 
fohn  Taylor 


\ 


m^ 


IIANO-BOOK    OF    SARATOOA. 


43 


Gilman,  who  was  at  tho  titno  a  mninbcr  of  Coni^riiss. 
On  testing  tho  water  tlioy  woro  purtimlnvly  |)lt:iiscd 
with  its  (juality  ;  utid  after  rnjKiiitiHl  visits  to  tlio  spring, 
in  cornpiiny  with  the  most  prominent  men  of  tlio  settle- 
ment, thoy  in  counsel,  nnmeil  it  v'ongress  Spring ; 
thereby  handing  it  over  to  the  people  of  this  common- 
wealth, who  have  ever  since  enjoyed  its  benttfits. 

Tho  water  rapidly  rose  in  reputation,  and  soon  became 
tho  favorite  spring.  It  was  secured  by  pressing  a  drink- 
ing vessel  against  tho  rook.  In  this  way  it  took  a  long 
time  to  obtain  small  ([uantities  of  tho  water,  for  it  dis- 
charged only  about  one  ipiart  per  minute,  and  a  largo 
portion  of  this  was  necessarily  lost.  But  all  agreed  as 
to  the  quality  of  tho  water.  About  this  time  Gideon 
Putnam's  far-seeing  eye  discovered,  in  part,  tho  future 
importance  of  tho  spring.  Ho  made  purchnscs  of  land 
in  its  vicinity,  and  began  his  improvements.  As  tho 
accommodations  for  strangers  improved,  tho  demand  for 
the  water  increased  be}  ond  tho  ability  of  the  spring  to 
supply. 

To  obviate  this  deficiency,  Putnam  turned  the  brook 
a  few  feet  to  the  north  from  its  original  channel.  And 
being  directed  by  bubbles  of  gas  which  were  constantly 
rising  through  the  channel  of  the  brook,  he  sunk  a  shaft 
to  the  rock.  On  reaching  it  tho  water  ceased  to  flow 
from  the  original  aperture.  The  mineral  water  rose  in 
abundance,  and  he  secured  it  as  well  as  he  could  in  a 
tube  made  of  pine  planks.  After  filling  in  about  the 
tube,  water  rose  to  the  depth  of  seven  feet ;  the  mineral 
water  flowed  trom  the  aperture  in  tho  rock,  but  in 
diminished  quanti;ies.  The  new  spring  furnished  a  great 
abundance  of  water.     And,  at  one  time,  Putnam  had 


\ 


'\V\ 


W' 


,ffl"<  < 


\i 


44 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


two  potash  kettles  evaporating  the  mineral  water.  The 
salts  thus  precipitated  they  sold  in  small  packages. 
The  sales  during  some  years  amounted  to  several  hun- 
dred dollars.  But  it  was  soon  found  that  these  precip- 
itated salts  did  not  produce  Congress  water  when  redis- 
Bolved,  and  the  further  evaporation  was  abandoned.* 

In  1826,  John  Clarke,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
purchased  from  the  Livingstons  Ihe  farm  on  which  the 
Congress  Spring  is  situated.     Mr.  Clarke  was  well  cal- 
culated, by  education  and  experience,  to  take  charge  of 
the  spring.     He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  proper- 
ties of  acidulous  drinks,  he  having  opened  the  first  soda 
fountain  in  the  city  of  New- York.     Soon  after  Clarke's 
purchase  of  the  spring,  he  began  bottling  the  water  for 
exportation.     So  well  did  ho  do  this  that  he  very  soon 
realized  a  handsome  annual  income  from  this  source 
alone.      Clarke  extended  his  purchases  of  real  estate 
from  time  to  time,  so  that  at  the  period  of  his  death,  he 
owned  in  lands,   contiguous  to  the  spring,   about  one 
thousand  acres.     His  improvements  were  always  of  the 
best  kind,  as  may  be  illustrated  by  the  beautiful  cres- 
cent lawn,  which  he   reclaimed  from  the  deep  mud 
swamp,  which  lay  south  and  east  of  the  spring,  the  clas- 
sic Doric  structure,  as  it  originally  stood  in  its  simple 
beauty,  over  the  Congress  Spring,  and  the  pretty  Gre- 
cian dome  over  the  Columbian  Spring,  are  but  incidental 
specimens  of  the  many  improvements,  which  his  large 
means,  generous  spirit,  and  good  taste  bestowed  upon  the 
village.     Clarke's  nurse  outlived  him  some  years  ;  he 
did  not  forget  her  while  he  lived,  and  left  her  a  hand- 

*  See  page  73. 


some  ann 
married  1 
White,  I 
and  coun 
6th  day  ( 

The  C 
reputatio 
drinking 
visits  to 
is  a  cath 
for  that  J 
renal  cal 

Theai 
dients  in 

Chlori 
Carboi 
Carboj 
Carboi 
Carboi 
Hydrii 
Silica . 
Alumi 


Carbo 
Atmo! 


Thisi 
Congresi 
tains  lai 
which  ri 
babbles, 


""^'^ 


ater.     The 
packages, 
everal  hun- 
lese  precip- 
ivhen  redis- 
doned.* 
B,  England, 
.  ■which  the 
as  well  cal- 
:e  charge  of 
the  proper- 
be  first  soda 
ter  Clarke's 
le  water  for 
le  very  soon 
this  source 
real  estate 
lis  death,  he 
about  one 
[ways  of  the 
autiful  cres- 
)  deep  mud 
ng,  the  clas- 
n  its  simple 
pretty  Gre- 
it  incidental 
ich  his  large 
jved  upon  the 
le  years  ;  he 
t  her  a  hand- 


HA.ND-B00K   OF    SARATOGA.  45 

some  annuity  as  long  as  she  should  survive.  Mr.  Clarke 
married  Mrs.  Eliza  Bryer,  widow  of  the  late  Charles 
White,  Esq.,  of  the  firm  of  Emmet  &  Co.,  attorneys 
and  counsellors-at-law,  New- York  city.  He  died  on  the 
6th  day  of  May,  1846,  aged  seventy-three  years. 

The  Congress  water  continues  to  sustain  its  high 
reputation,  and  is  resorted  to  by  thousands  during  the 
drinking  seasons,  some  of  whom  have  paid  their  annual 
visits  to  the  springs  for  forty-five  consecutive  years.  It 
is  a  cathartic  water,  and  should  be  used  in  the  morning 
for  that  purpose.  It  has  also  been  employed  in  cases  of 
renal  calculi,  with  decided  beneficial  effects. 

The  analysis  of  the  water  gives  the  following  ingre- 
dients in  one  gallon  : 

Chloride  of  Sodium 360.560 

Carbonate  of  Soda 8 .000 

Carbonate  of  Lime 82 .  321 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia 78 .  242 

Carbonate  of  Iron 3  645 

Hydriodate  of  Soda 4.531 

Silica 0.510 

Alumina 0.231 

Solid  Contents 638 .040 

Carbonic  Acid 340.231 

Atmospheric  Air 4 .000 

Gaseous  Contents 644 .231 

COLUMBIAN    SPRING. 

This  fountain  is  situated  a  few  rods  southwest  of  ilie 
Congress  Spring.  It  is  a  ferruginous  water,  and  con- 
tains large  quantities  of  carbonic  acid  in  a  free  state, 
which  rises  from  the  surface  of  the  water  in  very  large 
bubbles,  causing  a  motion  in  the  spring  not  very  dissim- 


\ 


:*1  ■ 


»i(til 


W,! 


Mil'i'l  ii 


46  HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 

ilar  to  boiling  water.  The  carbonic  acid  may  be  collect- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  the  spring,  to  any  extent  desirable 
for  scientific  purposes,  and  at  any  time. 

This  fountain  contains  the  same  constituent  proper- 
ties as  the  Congress,  but  difiering  very  much  in  their 
relative  quantity.  Its  water  is  very  tonic,  and  should 
be  used  with  great  caution  where  this  kind  of  medicine 
is  not  decidedly  indicated  ;  but  where  it  is  clearly  de- 
mauiled,  the  large  quantities  of  free  gas,  together  with 
the  iron  present  in  it,  render  it  a  tonic  water  of  great 
value  in  many  cases  of  irritable  stomach,  and  weak  di- 
gestive and  assimilating  organs.  But  its  activity  makes 
it  important  that  it  be  used  carefully,  and  subject  to 
proper  restrictions. 

One  gallon  of  the  water  furnishes  on  an  analysis  the 
following  ingredients : 

Chloride  of  Sodium 290 .501 

Cnrbonnte  of  Soda 2ti.000 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia 40.321 

Carbonate  of  Lime 30"00 

Carbonate  of  Iron C  .000 

Ilydriodat*  of  Soda 3.000 

Silica  and  Ahiraina 1 .531 

Solid  ContonU 457.358 

CarbonicAcid 330.000 

HAMILTON    SPRING. 

This  fountain,  situated  in  the  rear  of  Congress  Hall, 
a  few  rods  northeast  of  Congress  Spring,  was  first  dis- 
covered and  tubed  by  Gideon  Putnam,  Esq.,  and  after- 
ward  retubed  and  brought  to  its  present  condition  by 
Dr.  Clarke.     For  the  last  twenty  or  thirty  years  it  has 


been  mosi 
a  favorite 
cathartic 
the  Cong 
in  small  < 
As  a  diui 
been  atte 
within  th 
and  the  s 
free  escaj 
the  interi 
One  ga 
dients  on 

Chlorit 
Carbor 
CarboE 
Carbot 


Cnrboi 
Atmos 

G« 

Tempe 


This  t 
the  Colu 
Flat  Roc 
perimeni 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA, 


47 


be  colleot- 
t  desirable 

ent  proper- 
3h  in  their 
and  should 
)f  medicine 
clearly  de- 
gether  with 
er  of  great 
id  weak  di- 
ivity  makes 
I  subject  to 

analysis  the 

.  290. 501 

.  2ti.000 

,.  40.321 

, .  90.000 

..  6.000 

. .  3.000 

..  1.531 


457.353 
330.000 


mgress  Hall, 
was  first  dis- 
([.,  and  after- 
condition  by 
'  years  it  has 


been  most  used  as  an  alterative  ;  for  this  purpose  it  was 
a  favorite  spring  of  the  late  Dr.  St(iel — and  also  as  a 
cathartic  in  very  weak  and  feeble  stomachs  ;  and  where 
the  Congress  had  proved  too  active  and  exhausting,  even 
in  small  doses,  this  water  would  succeed  like  a  charm. 
As  a  diuretic,  in  many  nephritic  diseases,  its  use  has 
been  attended  with  the  most  happy  results.  The  water 
within  the  tube  rises  nearly  to  a  level  with  the  ground, 
and  the  surface  of  the  water  is  constantly  agitated  by  a 
free  escape  of  fixed  air,  rising  in  alternate  bubbles  from 
the  interior  of  the  fountain. 

One  gallon  of  the  water  funiishes  the  following  ingre- 
dients on  analysis : 

Grains. 

ChlorUlc  of  Sodium 298.056 

Carbonate  of  Soda 34 .  250 

Carbonate  of  Lime 97 .  990 

Carbonate  of  Slagnesia 39 . 006 

Cdi'.    uato  of  Iron 4 .  G25 

i'-,;      Uf^ofSodtt 3.598 

tjr         IK-   Uuniina 1.000 

Solid  Contents 479.191 

Carbonic  Acid 320.777 

Atmospheric  Air 1  -461 

Gaseous  Contents 322 .  iJ38 

Temperature  of  the  spring,  48°. 

PAVILION  FOUNTAIN. 

This  truly  beautiful  spring  is  situated  in  the  rear  of 
the  Columbian  Hotel,  and  a  few  rods  southeast  of  the 
Flat  Rock  Spring  ;  it  was  long  since  discovered,  and  ex- 
periments made  upon  the  water  by  the  late  John  H. 


*- 


\ 


'  fcV" 


'il! 


48 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 


Steel.  Its  remoteness,  however,  from  the  bank,  which 
gave  egress  to  the  other  mineral  fovintains  in  the  valley, 
placed  it  in  the  midst  of  a  deep  morass,  where  it  rose 
through  an  alluvial  deposit  of  over  forty  feet  in  depth. 
This  situation  of  the  spring  made  it  difficult  to  tube  it. 
But  in  1839,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Daniel  McLaren, 
who,  braving  all  obstacles,  at  great  expense  of  labor  and 
time,  succeeded  in  securing  the  present  fountains,  as 
well  as  improving  the  deep  morass  about  them. 

The  shaft  was  excavated  and  tubed  in  the  following 
manner : 

A  crib  of  fifteen  feet  square,  with  logs  looked  together 
firmly  at  four  corners,  was  placed  around  the  spring. 
The  work   of  excavation   next   followed,    and  as  the 
swamp  mud  was  thrown  out,  the  crib  was  settled  down. 
As  the  excavation  proceeded,  the  water  was  raised  from 
the  shaft  by  large  pumps,  kept  at  work  day  and  night. 
In  this  way,  the  excavation  was  made  to  the  distance  of 
forty  feet.     The  direction  of  the  rising  bubbles  was  fol- 
lowed throughout.    At  this  depth  they  struck  the  "  hard 
pan,"   when   the   gas  led   in  a  lateral  direction,  and 
toward  the  west  side  of  the  valley.     This  lead  they 
followed  for  several  feet  by  cutting  a  trench,  and  then 
placed  in  this  trench,  what  they  called  a  '•  shoe."     The 
toe  of  this  shoe  occupied  the  western  extremity  of  the 
trench,  which  was  also  several  inches  lower  than  the 
other  end,  or  heel  of  the  shoe.     They  next  placed  a 
tube  over  the  heel  of  the  shoe  in  a  perpendicular  posi- 
tion, and  raised  it  high  enough  to  pass  the  surface,  and 
such  filling  in  as  would  render  the  grounds  dry  and 
pleasant  about  the  springs.     They  then  filled  in  about 


the  tube  wit! 
plaotid,  more  r 
water  is  plciisa 
spirits.  It  wa 
purchase  by  t 
them  also.  It 
spring,  wi^^  b 
This  spring 
who  have  fartl 
tfiin,  by  fill  in: 
creek,  laying 
and  construct 
water.  This 
free  acid  of  tl; 
in  great  quar 
This  large  am 
smart,  pungei 
of  one  gallon 

Chloride  of  S 
Carbonate  of 
Carbonate  ol 
Carbonate  of 
Carbonate  of 
Iodide  of  So( 
Silex  and  All 

Solid  conteni 
Gaseous  cont 

This  founta 

village,  and  a 

In  1835,  n 


HAND-BOOK    OV    SARATOGA. 


49 


:,  which 
3  valley, 
3  it  rose 
n  depth. 
I  tube  it. 
[cLaren, 
ibor  and 
tains,  as 

following 

together 
e  spring. 
L  as  the 
led  down, 
ised  from 
ad  night, 
[stance  of 
I  was  fol- 
the"hard 
tion,  and 
lead  they 

and  then 
)e."  The 
ity  of  the 

than  the 

placed  a 
solar  posi« 
rface,  and 
5  dry  and 

in  about 


spring, 


tho  tube  with  clay.  The  whole  tube  as  it  is  now 
plaotid,  more  resembles  a  man's  hoot  than  a  shoe.  Tho 
water  is  pleasant  to  tho  tasto,  and  exhilarating  to  the 
spirits.  It  was  bottled  by  McLaren,  and  since  the  re- 
purchase by  tho  Walton  family,  has  been  bottled  by 
tliem  also.  It  is  a  favorite  water  for  drinking  at  the 
witl^  both  the  inhabitants  and  strangers. 
This  spring  is  now  owned  by  the  Messrs.  Walton, 
who  have  farther  improved  the  grounds  about  the  foun- 
tfiin,  by  filling  them  in,  changing  the  channel  of  the 
creek,  laying  out  footwalks,  planting  shade  trees, 
and  constructing  suitable  buildings  for  bottling  tho 
water.  This  water  has  been  bottled  since  1840.  The 
free  acid  of  the  spring  is  most  abundant,  and  passes  off 
in  great  quantities  from  the  mouth  of  the  fountain. 
This  large  amount  of  free  gas  imparts  to  the  tongue  a 
smart,  pungent  taste.  The  following  is  the  analysis 
of  one  gallon  of  the  water  : 

Grains. 

Chlovido  of  Sodium 183.814 

Carbouato  of  So.ln, C.OflO 

Carbonate   of  Lime 59.50;} 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia, r)8.2G0 

Carbonate  of  Iron 4.133 

Iodide  of  Sodium  and  Bromide  of  Pota.ssa, 2.5(56 

Silex  and  Alumina, 1-000 


Solid  contents  of  one  gallon, 315.372 

Gaseous  contents  of  one  gallon, 372.499 

IODINE  SPRING. 

This  fountain  is  situated  in  the  northeast  part  of  the 

village,  and  a  few  rods  north  and  east  of  the  High  Rock. 

In  1835,  my  attention  was  particularly  called  to  tha 


\ 


141 


50 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 


President  Spring,  situated  quite  near  the  High  Rock 
fountain.     From   the  experiments  I  then   made  upon 
the  water  uf  this  spring,  I  came  to  the  conclusion,  that 
if  the   mineral   stream   supplying   the   fountain   were 
properly  secured,  the  water  would,  in  all  probability, 
bottle  very  well.     The  conclusions  I  had  arrived  at, 
and  the  reasons  for  them,  being  communicated  to  some 
gentlemen  from  the  village,  they  obtained  a  lease  of  the 
spring  from  Judge  Walton,  made  a  liberal   excavation, 
secured  the  mineral  water  by  a  wooden  tube,  and  thus 
raised  it  nearly  to  the   top   of  the  ground 
spring  they  gave  the  name  of  "  iodine." 

Since  that  time  it  has  been  subject  to  a  number  of 
diflerent  directors,  and  has  finally  gone  into  the  posses- 
sion of  Judge  Walton's  heirs.  Though  comparatively  a 
light  water,  it  proves  to  be  well  adapted  for  bottlmg. 
When  taken  in  proper  quantities,  and  subject  to  reason- 
able restrictions,  it  sets  well  on  the  stomach. 

One  gallon  of  the  water  furnishes  the  following  in- 
gredients, on  analysis: 


GrRins. 
180.731 


Chloride  of  Sodhim, ^^^q 

Carbonate  of  Sodii,. 74  21.3 

Cnr1)onate  of  Magntsia, ^g'jj 

Hydrioilate  of  Sodium,  


30.000 


Carbonate  of  Lime, , •  • "         loOO 


Carbonate  of  Iron, 
Silica  and  Alumina, 


.500 


Solid  contents, 


291.679 


SOlia  conicnis, ;••:■••■ oqr.  nnO 

Carbonic  Acid  and  Atmospheric  Air, ooo.uuu 

EMPIRE    SPRING. 

This  spring  is  the   most  northerly  one   in  the  vil 


It    is 


la<Te   which   has    attracted    general    attention 
siruated  on  the  west  side  of  the   valley,   and  imme- 


*i' 


J  3 


iif< 


w*. 


High  Rock 
made  upon  I 
lusion,  that! 
ntain    were] 
probability, 

arrived  at,  I 
bed  to  some  I 
lease  of  the  I 

excavation,! 
36,  and  thus! 
d.     To   this 

a  number  of 
)  the  posses- 
iparatively  a 
for  bottling, 
ct  to  reason- 
1. 
oUowing  in- 


Grnins. 

180.731 

3.000 

74.213 

3.235 

30.000 

1.000 

.500 


291.679 
335.000 


3  in  the  vil- 
ntion.  It  is 
,   and  imme- 


>■'■ 


:^^ 


M 


f:i 


.*• 


V    ^ 


liii 


,r,k-' 


pL  ....  ';j| 'P 


*T  ^.V^^r 


\ 


-/•rjr 


'^'111 


y  J 


;'iO  -lA^'D-'.Oi  i:    .If    Sa      VTO'U. 

!',,.     i,.,      >(■)  f;^'.  Sit  Mill '.i   ijti't*'   H^:ir  ilif.   Ilitii  ll"<'l 
^.  ,^,     ,1  T    .1    '■'■:';    ''\p«!i.iir    )•/■    I    lli'Mi    malic    ii|)<'; 

■  l,.    .,.•••,■     "   1.         .ruiL'.  I  oni       I     .1x1  ro!)clii.>«i-Jii,  tliH 
;J   •.».  •    0    '1  f.ii    -tri  u  .      ■tp'j'     '   ■    '(!••    'nintnni    \vr  < 
j,-^ .  •/ ;-h    .■!  ^...rp.'.  ihf.      liter    A   jUi.  ill    -U   prnb.ibility 
\,.  i\'u     V.  :v   wi'l!.      t'i'      o;><   .J-      tf    I   hail   urrived   nt, 
,.  ,.l  'h<'  ixa  ■u-'  ff  ih>>-..  Wi.ik'  i.;iji(im\miiTit<>(l  to  soiin;. 
tM-n'ifinc  •  (.("a  X\iK-  vtl.'if-:.  'hry  L>].tuii!'';i  a  U-astj  ot  th.- 
siinnti   Ir 'HI  Jud'jc.  \\  iilti.n,  iMai'u  ii  lilmmt   excuvdti"  ■ 
sicnn-l   ihe  niiiHTul  wuti;-  |.y  a  wouilu)  tulji!,  rnd  tl)U!<| 
v,n    •tl    'i    nearly    to   MiH    lnp   of  ihi-  gri'ianl.     To    ll'i 
jr  ■     ,;  iLev  giivf:  ihi*  immi'  of  ''  I:»jin<'.'" 

.  :.;.:■  tiui'  till.  .-  iiuh  l-'f"  ^  .';:(r!  1c  <;  nnoilii'v  i' 
i;irirri'f't  rliroctf.rs,  fxmi  tiu.-  !  n;  •■  i;."iii<>  luV'  lb*'  po-f-' ^ 
j.u.noi  iM.liM-  Vi.filt(.:nV.i:  .ry.  ■u.<)li^!l  C(.!'.v^tarfilivoiv  ) 
li -.hr  ■.  itiT.  .'  |i!-fiv.H(  li>  Iji-  \ver>  adapti  ,1  for  bottluif/ 
W-.s.  <:  1'kfn  in  ivi'pcr  (|inr'itic>,  n!  -i>'vi(!<;(  to  rerr-^'Mi 
ui.l.  v>.>trioti'ti>.  it  .sots  wcil  on  fhe  MliMimch. 

One  caHou  of  iho   water  fiirnisli'».*'  Uie   rullowhi';    i. 
:/redit!iits,  on  iiuttlyaij*; 

llrstrn. 

r'.U.a.-..f  .-!■..«. i«r,'' 

''".■^-"•>^ --« .v:r;^ 

liv.irio'itii''  ..!    •.(xluiiii '",'/li 

•>!--•"['•":■•  ■  ■ •■  S 

'.;".n:Ml;:z.  •■.  ;:■.::::•::•:.::::::. ^;^ 

s.w.-...um. if»^;;" 

'I'hi.s  ST»rir.'/  >  ii)-.'  ii.oftt  liortli'-fly  '■')«  i'\  f'h«-'  vil-V; 
tus-f  Mh'i'i  his  aiirauiid  rrpni-ril  iitUinti'm.  It  i' -; 
isituai-d   oi,   i)u-  we*;!    sidt^   i^/  llic     ndov,    ,tnd    iim.!e-| 

i 


14 — 


ntii: 


vv«-  '■i 


prnbiibili'y.. 

II r lived  nt, 

h>(l  to  soil II 

t  th. 

fit) 


iCft.'^t)  0 


n!| 


fAXCllV 

tl.      To    tiM 


11: 


111! 


)t>r  •' 


o  -  ?•'?.- 


,(araliv»'iy  ■ 
lor  bottling.' 


;t  to  rea**''!! 


I..' 


18ii-  ,',1 

74'.!]  3 

;'..'2!!5 
.Jli.liiW 


1.00(1 


1    in. 
iti'tn. 


r,h 


It     i 


iitnl   imiiio- 


\ 


I' 


mm 


diatoly  bchin 
feet  in  hoight 
portion,  and 
length,  and  1 
water  issues 
sandstone, 
opening  is  o 
tube. 

'Mineral  v 

bank  at  this 

its  primitive 

tcntion,  for 

equally  impc 

from    many 

prominent  o 

Rock  and  i\ 

all  eyes  tc 

ample  quai 

mand,  there 

duction  of  a 

pire  Spring 

by  lime-kilr 

In  the  ye 

A  shaft  was 

I  the  aperture 

fact  that  th 

rock  by  a  p 

tube  may  b( 

obviate  the 

secure  the  ■> 

It  will  1 


HAND-BOOK   OF   SARATOGA. 


01 


diatnly  behind  it  lies  a  bluflfof  Mohawk  limostone,  forty 
feet  in  hoight.  This  limestone  appears  to  bo  a  detached 
portion,  and  extends  only  two  rods  in  width  by  three  in. 
length,  and  lies  on  a  lodge  of  calciferous  sandstone.  Tho 
water  issues  through  a  perforation  in  the  calciferous 
sandstone.  A  knowledge  of  this  particular  form  of  the 
opening  is  of  great  importance  in  adjusting  a  suitable 

tube. 

Mineral  water  has  been  known  to  trickle  down  the 
bank  at  this  point  ever  since  the  land  was  cleared  of 
its  primitive  shrubs.  But.  it  attracted  no  particular  at- 
tention, for  springs  of  mineral  water  which  appeared 
equally  imposing  wete,  and  are  now,  to  be  found  issuing 
from  many  points  along  tho  mineral  valley,  and  the 
prominent  and  conspicuous  position  which  the  High 
Rock  and  the  original  Congress  ISpring  ot-.^upied  turned 
all  eyes  toward  them.  As  they  furnished  water  m 
ample  quai  tity,  of  the  best  qualities,  to  supply  the  de- 
j  mand,  there  appeared  to  be  no  necessity  for  tho  intro- 
duction of  a  new  spring.  The  ground  about  the  Em- 
pire Spring  was  for  a  long  time  advantageously  occupied 
by  lime-kilns. 

In  the  year  1846,  the  fountain  was  taken  in  charge. 
A  shaft  was  excavated  to  the  rock,  a  tube  adjusted  to 
I  the  aperture,  and  the  Empire  Spring  was  secured.  Tho 
fact  that  the  Empire  svater  passes  the  calciferous  sand- 
rock  by  a  perforation  is  of  great  practical  value,  as  a 
tube  may  be  scribed  to  the  surface  of  the  rock,  and  thus 
i  obviate  the  necessity  of  employing  artificial  means  to 
secure  the  water  with  its  full  complement  of  gas. 
It  will  be  easily  apprehended   that  artificial  moans 


\ 


I#fl 


-"»~ 


52 


HAND-nOOK    OF    SAHATOOA. 


m 


ifl 


aro  scarcely  aviiiliiblo  in  confining,  or  even  in  dirootini? 
a    current   of  aciduloiw    ciirbonatcd   wntor.     Materials 
which  would   answer  well   in  cases  of  common  f<|)ring 
water  will  Ite  entirely  useless  with  the  acidulous  mine- 
ral  water.     The  "  water  cement"  answers  an  admirable 
purpose  with  fresh  water,  but  with  mineral  waters  is 
entirely  insullicienl,  lor  it  proves  no  barrier  to  the  es^oapo 
of  the  gas,  and  will  in  time  bo  taken  into  combination 
with  it.     And  a  similar  result   follows  in  other  kinds  of 
packing  which  have  been  tested  in  actual  cxperimenta 
by  tho'author.     Hut,  as  in  the  Emi)ire,  when  the  gas- 
cous  water   passes  through  a  heavy  stratum   of    rock 
by  a  small  aperture,  a  groove  carefilUy  cut  in  the  rock 
around  the  mouth  of  the  spring,  and  a  well-seeured 
pino  tube   properly  placed  in  a  groove,  and   afterward 
filled  about  with  clay,  would  bo  a  simple  and  most  effi- 
«-ient  way  to  set   a    tube.     But  this   form   of  tubing 
will  not  bo  applicable  to  those  fountains  which  pass 
through  the  rocks  in  clefts  and  fissures.     To  illustrate 
with  what  extreme. divisibility  the  carbonates  are  held 
in  solution  in  water,  and  with  what  readiness  they  pass 
through  ordinary  barriers,  a  pint  of  mineral  water  may 
bo  placed  in  a  flaring  vessel,  say  an  ordinary  baking 
dish,  then  apply  a  gentle  heat  until  the  whole  salts  are 
precipitated ;  the  outside  of  the   vessel  as   high  as  the 
water  stood  will  be   frosted  over  with  the  precipitated 
carbonates  which  had  been  held  in  solution  in  the  water 
by  the  gas,  and   not  by  the  water.     Here  the  salts  are 
precipitated,  although  the  dish  is  flaring  and  uncovered, 
yet  the  carbonates  pass  through  the  pores  of  the  glazing 
as  well  as  through  the  sides  of  the  vessel,  and  that  too 
in  a  lateral  direction. 


The  tube 

surfiH'O  of  t 

in  length. 

above  the  s 

This  !niii 

per  hour. 

an<l  has  pri 

And  when  ' 

larity  of  ot 

which  perse 

their  corres 

rapid  stride 

during  the 

For   catl 

water  shoi 

varying  frc 

of  the  cas 

whole  tuml 

The  oha: 

ging  from 

The  cat 

water  are 

water  20° 

in  warm  v 

drawn ;  be 

to  the  esca 

tied,  shoul 

sible ;  and 

put  in  a  ri 

This  brine 

dition  as  ^ 


HAND-BOOK    OF    8AKATOOA. 


n3 


(Vi  rooting 
Mnltirials 
oil  spring 
iu«  mino- 
idiiiirivblo 
waters  is 
ho  escape 
rubination 
r  kinds  of 
periiiienta 
n  the  gas- 
1   of    rooit 
1  the  rock 
ill-serurcd 
afterward 
1  most  efR- 
of  twbing 
■hich  pass 
I  illustrate 
(  are  held 
they  pass 
water  may 
ly  baking 
lo  salts  are 
ligh  as  the 
reoipitated 
1  the  water 
le  salts  are 
uncovered, 
the  glazing 
nd  that  too 


The  tube  in  the  Eiiipire  Spring  is  scribed  down  to  the 
surfiH-e  of  thi)  rofk,  luid  is  olovon  foot  and  six  inches 
in  length.  'I'iie  cohunn  of  mineral  water  in  the  tube 
above  the  surface  of  the  rock,  is  nine  feet  six  inches. 

This  !nineral  fountain  discharges  sevnnty-five  gallons 
por  hour.  It  is  a  good  cathartio  and  alterative  water, 
and  has  proved  itself  adapted  to  a  wide  range  of  cases. 
And  when  we  consiiler  its  remote  situation,  the  popu- 
larity  of  other  and  older  springs,  the  strong  attachments 
which  persons  form  by  the  habit  of  drinking  of  them,  an  : 
their  corresponding  prejudices,  wo  are  surprised  at  the 
rapid  stride  this  spring  has  made  in  public  estimation 
during  the  short  period  of  six  or  eight  years. 

For   cathartio    puri)oscs,    the    Congress  and  Empire 
water  should   be  drank   in  the  morning  in  quantities 
varying  from  one  pint  to  three,  according  to  the  state 
of  the  case.     As  an  alterative,   from   one  fourth  to  a 
whole  tumbler  should  bo  taken  three  or  four  times  a  day. 
The  chalybeate  waters  may  be  taken  in  portions  ran- 
ging from  one  gill  to  a  i)int,  three  or  four  times  a  day. 
"^  The  cathartic  eftects  of   the  Empire   and  Congress 
water  are  increased  by  raising  the  temperature  of  the 
water  20°  or  30°.     If  this  is  done  by  placing  the  bottle 
in  warm  water  before  drinking,  the  cork  should  be  with- 
drawn ;  because  the  increased  cathartic  power  is  owing 
to  the  escape  of  carbonic  acid.     This  water,  when  bot- 
tled, should  be  kept  as  near  to  48°  Fahrenheit,  as  pos- 
sible ;  and  the  bottle  should  be  taken  from  the  >•  x  and 
put  in  a  refrigerator  ten  or  twelve  hours  befoi-  =     ;)g. 
This  brings  it  to  much  the  same  temperature  and  con- 
dition as  when  drank  fresh  from  the  fountain. 


\ 


^^ 


S4  HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 

The  improvements  in  the  north  end  of  the  town  have 
been  much  increased  within  a  few  years,  and  particu- 
larly those  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Empire 
Spring.  Reducing  the  unwholesome  swamp,  opening  new  | 
drive-ways,  and  grading  hills  and  laying  out  handsome 
village  lots,  are  a  few  of  the  many  heavy  expenditures  j 
which  have  been  sustained  by  Western  &  Co.  alone. 
Neither  have  they  been  behind  their  fellow-citizens  gen- 
erally, in  tha  cultivation  of  large  numbers  of  shade  1 
trees,  which  in  time  will  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of 
their  grounds  and  avenues.     And  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
these  improvements  may  be  continued  by  themselves 
and  others,  with  even  increased  energy.     Nature  has 
done  much  in  that  part  of  the  town,  and  art  sparingly 
employed,  will  convert  the  upper  part  of  the  town  into 
a  beautiful  village.     If  the  hill  on  the  west  side  of  the 
valley  was  properly  terraced,  and  willow  and  other  ap- 
propriate trees  were  planted  along  the  stream,  we  should  i 
have  delightful  promenades,  and  as  fine  situations  for 
residences  as  are  to  be  found  in  town.     And  these  im- 1 
provements  might  be  carried  on  with  an  outlay  by  no  j 
means  large. 

One  gallon  of  the  Empire  water  furnished  the  follow- 
ing ingredients  on  analysis : 

Chloride  of  Sodium 270.000 

Carbonate  of  Lime ^j*^?,^ 

Carbonnte  of  Magnesia 43.123 

Carbonate  of  Soda 30.304 

Hydriodatc  of  Soda 8.000 

Carbonate  of  Iron ?000 

Silica 1-000 

Solid  contents 500.748 

Gaseous  contents '00 

Specific  gravity 1-OoB 


This  foui 

southwestei 

is  the  only 

cipal  street 

It  was  fii 

and  has  tl 

tubed  in  1 

last  one  wl 

pared  for  c 

which  it  fi 

ent  Individ 

some  of  w 

our  most 

thorough  ( 

October,  1 

In  the  J 

rose,  passe 

of  the  vill 

tumn  of  ] 

tion,  and 

escape  fro 

tober,  beg 

vated  to  t 

pan, to  th 

After  c 

within  th 

came  int 

southwes 

of  hard-p 


^ii 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


65 


1  town  have 
nd  particu- 
he  Empire 
ipeningnew 
t  handsome 
xpenditures 

Co.  alone, 
itizens  gen- 
rs  of  shade 
8  beauty  of 
>  hoped  that 

themselves 
Nature  has 
rt  sparingly 
e  town  into 
■j  side  of  the 
nd  other  ap- 
1,  we  should 
ituations  for 
id  these  im- 
lutlay  by  no  ] 

1  the  foUow- 


270.000 

145.321 

43.123 

30.304 

8.000 

3.000 

1.000 


500.748 

700 

1.066 


WASHINGTON,    OR    AVHITE's    SPRING. 

This  fountain  is  situated  about  six  hundred  feet  in  a 
southwesterly  direction  from  the  Congress  Spring,  and 
is  the  only  one  on  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  the  prin- 
cipal street  in  the  village  of  Saratoga  Springs. 

It  was  first  tubed  by  Gideon  Putnam,  in  the  year  1806, 
and  has  the  singular  history  of  being  the  first  spring 
tubed  in  this  section  of  the  Mineral  Valley,  and  the 
last  one  which  has  been  practically  reclaimed  and  pre- 
pared for  commercial  use.  And  although  the  land  on 
which  it  first  appeared  has  been  owned  by  many  differ- 
ent individuals  since  the  first  settlement  of  the  country, 
some  of  whom,  at  least,  have  been  considered  among 
our  most  far-seeing  and  enterprising  citizens,  yet  no 
thorough  effort  was  made  to  secure  the  spring  until 
October,  1858. 

In  the  year  1856,  the  ground  upon  which  the  spring 
rose,  passed  into  the  possession  of  John  H.  White,  Esq., 
of  the  village  of  Saratoga  Springs ;  and  during  the  au- 
tumn of  1858,  he  resolved  to  make  a  thorough  excava- 
tion, and  trace,  if  possible,  the  mineral  stream  to  its 
escape  from  the  rock.  He  therefore,  on  the  20th  of  Oc- 
tober, began  a  shaft  eleven  fetit  square,  which  he  exca- 
vated to  the  depth  of  thirty  feet,  through  olay  and  hard- 
pan,  to  the  calciferous  sand-rock  underneath. 

After  carefully  examining  the  surface  of  the  rocit 
within  the  shaft,  he  ascertained  that  no  mineral  water 
came  into  the  well  through  it,  but  entered  from  the 
southwest  part  of  the  excavation  through  the  stratum 
of  hard-pan  which  lies  superimposed  upon  the  sand-rock 


\ 


511.  « 


*1 


ill 


(HI 


'"■'  T" 


56 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


at  this  place.     This  lead  was  then  taken,  and  followed 
with  a  tunnel  six  feet  high,  five  wide,  and  thirty  in 
length,  in  a  direction  generally  southeast.    At  this  point, 
and  while  exploring  with  an  iron  rod  the  farther  direc- 
tion of  the  stream,  the  earth  at  the  southeast  extremity  of 
the  tunnel  suddenly  gave  way,  and  the  water  and  the  gas 
flowed  into  the  shaft  with  such  force,  and  in  such  quan- 
tities, as  to  give  the  men  engaged  in  the  work  of  exca- 
vation barely  time  to  escape  from  the  pit,  leaving  their 
working  tools  behind  them  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft ; 
and  in  the  short  space  of  fifteen  minutes  it  was  esti- 
mated that  twelve  thousand  gallons  of  water,  and  prob- 
ably nearly  twice  that  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  gas, 
filled  the  excavation.     At  this  juncture  the  most  power- 
ful   hand-pumps   which     could    be   commanded    were 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  water,  and  the  gas  within  the 
excavation  ;  but  they  failed  to  clear  the  shaft,  and  the 
work  of  excavation  was    therefore    suspended    for  the 
ensuing   three    weeks,    during  which   time   a  portable 
steam  engine  and  a  powerful  rotary  pump  were  procured, 
and  an  excavation  was  commenced  in  a  southeast  direc- 
tion thirty  feet  from  the  former  one,   and  over  Ihe  ex- 
treme terminus  of  the  tunnel.     This  shaft  was  fourteen 
feet  square,  and  was  excavated  to  the  depth  of  twenty- 
one  feet,  and  preserved  from   caving  by  a  cofler-dam, 
built  with  eight- by-ten-inch  hemlock  timbers  and  two- 
inch  planks      But  reaching  the  farther  depth  of  four 
feet,  which  was  not  curbed,    the  water   and   the  gas 
broke  into  the  shaft  from  the  east,  and  again  drove  the 
workmen  from  their  labors. 

The  steam  pump  was  now  brought  into  requisition, 


and  was  coi 

sccutive  hoi 

tvvccn  the 

chine,  and  1 

suiting  fror 

come  so  grc 

plank  comp 

were  driven 

oution  of  tl 

oxcavation 

was  commc 

ond  shaft. 

before  used 

inch  plank, 

a  circular 

above  anotl 

nailed  firm 

forraell,  wl 

ches  in  thi 

strong  curl 

eight  feet, 

the  shaft. 

The  bol 

one  spring 

another  w 

west  (lirec 

tains,  issu 

the  distan 

tain  prove 

ance  ;  as i 

volume  oj 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


67 


1  followed 
[  thirty  in 
this  point, 
lier  direo- 
tremity  of 
nd  the  gas 
uch  quan- 
k  of  exoa- 
ving  their 
the  shaft ; 
b  was  esti- 
and  prob- 
acid  gas, 
ost  power- 
ided    were 
within  the 
t,  and  the 
;d    for  the 
a  portable 
}  procured, 
east  direc- 
er  Ihe  cx- 
is  fourteen 
of  twcnty- 
)ofler-dam, 
s  and  two- 
ith  of  four 
d   the  gas 
I  drove  the 

requisition, 


and  was  continued  in  active  operation  for  eighteen  con- 
sccutive  hours,  when  a  small  pebble  was  carried  in  be- 
twccn  the  rollers  of  the  pump,  which  stopped  the  ma- 
chine, and  before  it  could  be  removed,  the  pressure  re- 
suiting  from  the  accumulated  water  and  gas,  had  be- 
come  so  groat  from  without,  that  the  strong  timbers  and 
plank  composing  the  curb,  gave  way,  and  the  workmen 
were  driven  a  second  time  from  this  shaft,  and  the  prose- 
oution  of  the  work  at  this  spot  was  abandoned  ;  but  the 
excavation  of  a  third  shaft,  twenty  feet  in  diameter, 
was  commenced  in  a  southeast  direction  from  the  sec 
Olid  shaft.     But  instead  of  the  tubing  which  had  been 
before  used,  one  was  employed  composed  of  two-by-ten- 
inch  plank,  cut  in  beveled  segments,"  so  as  to  form  nearly 
a  circular  curb.      These  pieces  of  plank  were  laid  one 
above  another,  so  as  ellectually  to  break  joints,  and  then 
nailed  firmly  together  with  six-inch  iron  spikes,  which 
forraell,  when  completcf',  a  strong  tube  of  wood  ten  in- 
ches in  thickness,  and  twenty  feet  in  diameter.      This 
stron"  curb  was  continued  with  the  excavation  twenty- 
eight^et,  and  nearly  to  the  sand  rock  in  the  bottom  of 

the  shaft. 

The  bottom  of  the  shaft  being  covered  with  water, 
one  spring  was  seen  bubbling  up  within  the  shaft,  and 
another  was  found  after  tunnelling  a  few  feet  in  a  south- 
west direction.  These  springs  seemed  to  be  two  foun- 
tains,  issuing  from  the  same  fissure  in  the  rock,  within 
the  distance  of  twenty  feet.  The  mere  southwest  foun- 
tain proved  most  copious,  and  presented  a  finer  appear- 
ance ;  as  the  loose  gravel  was  removed,  a  full  gushing 
volume  of  water,  one  inch  wide  and  six  inches  long, 

3* 


\ 


58 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


I'tJM    ' 


came  rolling  up  out  of  the  rock,  sparkling  and  boiling 

with  gas. 

On  the  29th  of  January,  3859,  a  tube  twenty-five  feet 
in  height  was  placed  around  this  jet  of  mineral  water, 
and  the  2d  of  February  the  mineral  water  was  intro- 
duced into  the  tube,  and  two  days  after,  it  had  risen  to 
the  waste  pipe,  twenty-three  feet  and  six  inches  above 
the  bottom  of  the  shaft. 

On  the  morning  of  the  5th  of  February,  the  gas  ap- 
peared  on  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  tube,  which 
continued  to  increase  in  quantity  for  several  days, 
so  that  a  very  active  simmering  and  boiling  motion 
was  apparent  in  the  water.  On  the  14th  of  February, 
the  waste  pipe  was  closed,  and  in  about  four  hours 
thereafter,  the  water  within  the  tube  rose  to  the  top 
of  it,  and  now  flows  over  it  in  a  continuous 
stream. 

This  spring,  so  sparkling  and  lively,  is  one  «f  the 
most  beautiful  and  copious  fountains  in  the  valley. 
And  if  the  mineral  water  is  well  secured  at  the  rock, 
thoroughly  excluding  fresh  water,  earthy  and  mineral 
substances  from  the  fountain,  there  can  scarcely  re- 
main a  doubt  of  its  being  ultimately  bottled  with  suc- 
cess. 

Putnam's  spring. 

This  spring  is  situated  about  two  hundred  yards  in  a 
northwest  direction  from  the  "  Hamilton  Spring,"  and 
nearly  equi-distant  between  Broadway  and  Putnam 
streets.  At  this  point,  mineral  water  had  been  observed 
from  quite  an  early  date  in  the  history  of  the  village  ; 


■•*i«V>'.fi-?'>*- 


but  it  had 
year  1835, 
tion,  and  pi 
This  imp 
purpose  for 
water  was 
poses,  and  ■ 
sons  living 
water  was 
upon,  Mr.  I 
found  the 
heavy  inor 
curb.     He 
water  is  n 
previous  ti 
From  th 
eral  founts 
the  water 
by  exoava 
and  tubing 
from  thof 
cannot  sp 
water. 


This  m 
the  count; 
group  in  ' 

It  is  an 
a  fissure  i 

The  gs 


IT 


mt 


■•*ii?;- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA, 


59 


id  boiling 

^-five  feet 
ral  water, 
v&a  intro- 
d  risen  to 
lies  above 

le  gas  ap- 
be,  which 
ral  days, 
ig  motion 
February^ 
bur  hours 
;o  the  top 
lontinuous 

»ne  of  the 
he  valley. 
,  the  rock, 
d  mineral 
sarcely  re- 
with  sue- 


but  it  had  received  no  particular  attention  until  the 
year  1835,  when  Mr.  Lewis  Putnam  made  an  excava- 
tion, and  placed  a  tube  about  the  tbuntain. 

This  improvement  seemed  to  answer  a  tolerably  good 
purpose  for  a  number  of  years,  during  which  time  the 
water  was  bottled  to  some  extent  for  cnrnmercial  pur- 
poses, and  was  also  freely  used  at  the  fountain  by  per- 
sons living  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  But  at  length  the 
water  was  found  to  be  deteriorating  in  quality,  where- 
upon,  Mr.  Putnam,  in  1857,  re-excavated  the  shafc,  and 
found  the  water  freely  rising  outside  the  tube,  and  a 
heavy  incrustation  of  calcareous  tufa  surrounding  the 
curb.  He  then  repacked  the  tube  with  clay,  and  the 
water  is  now  probably  as  good  as  it  has  been  at  any 
previous  time  in  its  history. 

From  the  facts  already  known  in  regard  to  the  min- 
eral fountains,  it  is  fair  to  conclude,  that  the  quality  of 
the  water  would  be  greatly  improved,  indeed,  perfected 
by  excavating  the  hard-pan  to  the  calciferous  sandstone, 
and  tubin£  the  mineral  stream  to  the  point  of  its  escape 
from  the  fissure  in  the  rock.  Until  this  is  done,  we 
cannot  speak  specifically  of  the  true  character  of  the 
water. 


REED  S    SPRING. 


yards  in  a 
ring,"  and 
i  Putnam 
in  observed 
le  village ; 


This  mineral  fountain  is  situated  in  South  Argyle,  in 
the  county  of  Washington,  and  is  the  most  easterly 
group  in  the  mineral  range. 

It  is  an  acidulous  carbonated  water,  and  rises  through 
a  fissure  in  a  stratum  of  Mohawk  limestone. 

The  gas  rises  from  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  in  ooca- 


\ 


M 


60 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


sional  bubbles;  but  the  water  is  not  highly  charged 
with  it;  nor  has  the  spring  the  lively  and  sparkling 
appearance,  which  is  so  striking  a  feature  in  the  Sara- 
toga fountains. 

The  slight  acidulousness  of  the  water,  imparts 
to  it  a  pleasant  taste,  and  makes  it  a  grateful  bever- 
age. 

When  the  water  is  mixed  with  flour,  it  acts  as  yeast, 
making  it  light  and  spongy,  and  is  therefore  sometimes 
used  in  baking  what  is  called  "  spring-water  rolls,"  and 
is  also  employed  by  persons  residing  near  it,  for  medicinal 
purposes. 

WIIITK    SULPHUR    SPRING. 

This  spring  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Saratoga 
Lake,  about  half  a  mile  south  of  Snake  Hill,  in  a  beau- 
tiful ravine  of  a  few  rods  in  width,  through  the  centre 
of  which  runs  a  small  stream,  supplied  by  fresh  water 
springs  issuing  from  either  bank.  Within  twenty  rods 
of  the  lake  a  niche  is  formed  in  the  south  bank.  Near 
the  centre  of  the  niche,  and  at  the  base  of  the  bluff,  rises 
the  Sulphur  Spring,  jnd  its  course  to  the  brook  is  marked 
by  a  deposit  of  sulphur.  The  water  is  strongly  charged 
with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  and  is  very  pellucid. 
Its  taste,  is  like  other  waters  of  the  class,  very  offensive 
to  those  unaccustomed  to  drink  it.  A  few  years  since 
a  number  of  gentlemen  from  the  village  purchased  the 
farm  in  which  the  spring  rises,  sunk  a  shaft,  and  adjusted 
a  new  tube.  They  built  baths  and  other  accommodations 
for  the  use  of  visitors.  A  steamboat  was  placed  on  the 
lake  to  ply  between  the  Lake  House  and  the  spring, 


which  mad 

qnently,  th 

The  year  f( 

and  all  the 

the  sulphu 

suspended. 

burning  of 

the  outlet  o 

be  constru 

thence  to 

brought  w 

a  new  ant 

oj)ened. 


CnLORir 

over  the  s 

lakes  and 

solution, 

Africa,   S| 

large  depo 

There  ii 

land,  whi( 

state  of  r( 

This  sa 

northwest 

river  Wee 

the  Don. 

Willan  C 

wick,  anc 


lUND-nOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


61 


'  charf^ed 
sparkling 
the  8ara- 

,  imparts 
ful  bever- 

1  as  yeast, 
sometimes 
oils,"  and 
medicinal 


which  made  two  trips  daily.     Two  or  three  years  subse- 

qnently,  the  building  took  fire  and  burned  to  tlic  ground. 

The  year  following  the  boat  was  removed  from  the  lake, 

and  all  the  arrangements  which  had  been  made  to  brin^ 

the  sulphur  water  into  notice  have  been,  for  the  present, 

suspended.     But  since   the  loss  of  the  .boat    and  the 

burning  of  the  house,  a  bridge  has  been  thrown  across 

the  outlet  of  Saratoga  Lake.     And  now,  if  a  road  shonld 

be  constructed  along  the  lake  sliore  to  Snake  Hill,  and 

thence  to  the  Sulphur  Spring,  it  would  be  immediately 

brought  within  practicable  distance  of  the  village,  and 

a  new  and  beautiful  drive    of  three  hours  would  be 

opened. 


Saratoga 
in  a  beau- 
the  centre 
Dsh  water 
j^enty  rods 
Ilk.  Near 
bluff,  rises 
is  marked 
ly  charged 

pellucid. 
yr  offensive 
ears  since 
3hased  the 
id  adjusted 
imodations 
ced  on  the 
he  spring, 


CHAPTER    IV. 

Chloride  of  Sodium  is  distributed  very  generally 
over  the  surface  of  the  globe.  The  ocean,  seas,  salt 
lakes  and  mineral  springs,  hold  large  quantities  of  it  in 
solution,  while  Russia,  Germany,  Poland,  Hungary, 
Africa,  Spain,  England,  and  South  America,  furnish 
large  deposits  of  this  salt  in  a  fossil  state. 

There  is  a  fossil  deposit  in  Nantwich,  Cheshire,  Eng- 
land, which  will  illustrate  this  mineral  formation,  in  the 

state  of  rock  salt. 

This  salt  formation  lies  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles 
northwest  from  the  city  of  London,  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  "Weaver,  near  the  confluence  of  that  stream  with 
the  Don.  It  extends  over  parts  of  the  townships  of 
Willan  Castle,  Nantwich,  Winnington,  Marsdon,  Liff- 
wiok,  and  Anderton.     At  Nantwich,  there  is  one  mass 


\ 


62 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


'  i''  ,.   !-4 


H# 


I  ft   tan 

h 

I 
If 

■'4  1 1 


t* 


of  this  salt,  which  is  sixty-fivo  foet  thick,  three  thousand 
nine  hundred  feet  wide,  and  a  mile  and  a  halt  long; 
supplying  annually  sixty  thousand  tons  of  salt,  which 
are  conveyed  thenoo  to  Liverpool  by  the  Weaver  and 
'Mersey.  Under  this  fossil  are  salt  wells,  varying  in 
depth  from  pinety  to  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet. 
From  these  wells  alone  forty-five  thousand  tons  of  salt 
are  annually  procured  by  artificial  evaporation,  which 
is  also  marketed  in  the  city  o*"  Liverpool.* 

Other  portions  of  the  county  supply  fifty-one  thou- 
sand tons ;  making  in  all,  one  hundred  and  eighty-six 
thousand  tons  of  salt  exported  from  a  single  fossil  de- 
posit. If  this  deposit  may  be  accepted  as  a  specimen 
of  the  productiveness  of  rook  salt  formation  in  general, 
immense  quantities  of  this  substance  must  exist  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  i 

But  large  as  this  estimate  makes  the  quantity  of 
saline  deposits  in  the  interior  of  the  earth,  yet  it  repre- 
sents but  a  small  portion  of  the  aggregate  of  this 
substance  contained  in  ocean,  sea,  lake,  &c.,  all  of 
which  vary  greatly  in  the  strength  of  their  solutions. 

It  is  found,  as  is  well  known,  in  the  fluids  of  the 
animal  system,  supplied  doubtless  by  their  food.  A 
certain  amount  of  this  substance  seems  to  be  necessary 
for  the  healthful  condition  of  animal  life,  though  an 
excess  of  it  is  followed  by  diseasn.  as  is  noticeable  in 
the  fact,  that  persons  long  at  sea,  who  eat  but  few  vege- 
tables, and  use  salt  meat  freely,  usually  suffer  from 
scurvy.  A  disease  not  unlike  scurvy,  and  produced  by 
the  same  cause,  is  not  uncommon  on  land. 
*  U.  S.  Dispensatory. 


When  ta 
cathartic,  ( 
being  deter 
it  is  taken 
particularly 
moist  skin, 
nutrition, 
is  a  suitabl 
twice  its  w 
page  90.) 

As  an  a 

generally  v 

long  perio^ 

piece  of  be 

was  a  rem 

on  his  voy 

1739  and 

In  agric 

dry  lands. 

the  atmos 

ciency  of i 

The  qu 

from  a  gi^ 

Saratoga, 

the  salts  ( 

Chlorid 

ary  forma 

posits,  lin 

Althou| 

fossil  sail 

numerous 


HAND-DOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


63 


thousand 
lalt  long; 
It,  which 
lavcr  and 
irying  in 
jnty  feet, 
ns  of  salt 
m,  which 

one  thou- 
eighty-six 
I  fossil  de- 
specimen 
n  general, 
List  on  the 

aantity  of 
(t  it  repre- 
,e  of  this 
tec,  all  of 
)lutions. 
ids  of  the 
food.  A 
I  necessary 
though  an 
ticeable  in 
t  few  vege- 
uffer  from 
roduced  by 


When  taken  into  the  stomach  it  may  act  as  a  tonic, 
cathartic,  diuretic,  emetic,  and  antiseptic,  its  effects 
being  determined  by  the  state  of  the  system  at  the  timo 
it  is  taken,  and  the  quantity  used.  Saline  baths  are 
particularly  appropriate  for  persons  with  a  relaxed, 
moist  skin,  and  for  children  of  scrofulous  habits  and  low 
nutrition.  One  pound  of  salt  to  four  gallons  of  water 
is  a  suitable  solution  for  this  purpose.  It  is  soluble  in 
twice  its  weight  of  water  at  60^   Fah.     (See  Bathing, 

page  90.) 

As  an  antiseptic,  it  has  been  long  known,  and  very 
generally  used.  Fish  and  flesh  are  preserved  by  it  for 
long  periods  of  time.  In  the  year  1805,  there  was  a 
piece  of  beef  in  the  Leverian  Museum,  London,  which 
was  a  remnant  of  the  provisions  taken  by  Lord  Anson, 
on  his  voyage  *«  around  the  world,"  between  the  years 
1739  and  1744. 

In  agriculture,  salt  has  been  used  as  a  fertilizer,  on 
dry  lands.  As  it  is  a  deliquescent,  attracting  water  from 
the  atmosphere,  it  thereby,  in  part,  supplies  the  defi- 
ciency of  moisture  in  the  soil. 

The  quantity  of  this  salt  obtained  by  evaporation 
from  a  given  amount  of  any  of  the  mineral  springs  at 
Saratoga,  is  equal  to  more  than  one  half  the  sum  of  all 
the  salts  contained  in  them. 

Chloride  of  sodium  occurs,  geologically,  in  the  second- 
ary formations,  associated  with  gypsum,  slate,  clay  de- 
posits,  limestone,  and  red  sandstone. 

Although  the  United  States  contain  no  deposits  of 
fossil  salt",  so  far  as  we  know,  yet  brine  springs  are 
numerous  in  this  country,  and  some  of  them  are  among 


\ 


64 


IIAND-nOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


MM  'f' 


the.  most  celcbratod  in  tho  world.  Those  of  Snlina, 
Onoti(la<,m  county,  N.  Y.,  oro  juf^tly  distinguished.  Tliey 
hold  in  solution  19  per  cent,  of  this  salt.  The  State  of 
Now-York  draws  a  largo  part  of  her  revenue  from  the 
manufacture  of  salt  at  Salina,  and  annually  employs 
scv(!ral  thousand  persons  about  the  works. 

Thirty-three  and  one  quarter  gallons  of  Salina  water 
will  furnish  a  bushel  of  salt  of  the  ordinary  marketable 
dryness,  while  at 

.  Nantucket  350  gnlloas  ninke  ono  bnsbcl. 

K,.w.York.! ;!(»0        

liooi/B  LickH,  Mo 4r.O        

Connuugh,  rouu 300         

Zniiosvillo,  (lliio 05 

Salinn,  N.  Y.,  (new  springs),  iiO 

In  the  year  1841,  3,134,317  bu-shels  of  salt  were  in- 
spected at  the  Onondaga  salt-works.*  In  the  arts  this 
salt  is  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  carbonate  of 

soda. 

Its  existence  in  the  mineral  waters  of  Saratoga  was 
demonstrated  by  Valentine  Seaman  in  1809. 

Carbonate  of  Soda. — This  salt  was  first  called  Katron, 
from  the  name*  of  the  desert  from  which  it  was  taken. 
When  it  exists  as  a  solid  it  is  called  native  soda. 

It  is  chiefly  found  in  Egypt,  Hungary,  and  South 
America.  It  occurs  principally  in  lakes,  and  small 
ponds,  from  which  it  is  taken  in  a  state  of  solution,  and 
evaporated  by  the  sun. 

Soda  has  been  obtained  by  the  incineration  of  marine 

*  Geological  Report*  of  New-York. 


plants.     In 

the  purpose 

(puility  has 

dueed       Kt 

obtained  ab 

salieornia,  I 

tained,  groA 

Wales,  Seoi 

Tho  salt 

and  a  disa<j 

soluble  in  b 

of  alcohol  i 

purity  is  c 

solution  of 

is  more  gci 

marine  pit 

acid  condit 

certain  for 

hi)iiping-co 

ehicr,  at  G 

treatment 

In  diset 

stare  of  th 

from  ten  g 

But  an  ()V( 

Antidotes 

proper  str 

drM chins  i 

eight  to  s' 

The  ointtr 

eight  to  s 


iAj^illi 


1IAND-B(K)K    Ol-    HAUATOOA. 


fi5 


f   Sniina, 

id.    Tliey 

B  State  of 

from  the 

employs 

ina  water 
larketable 

ushcl. 


t  were  in- 
e  arts  this 
rbonate  of 


atoga  was 


led  Natron, 
was  taken. 
)da. 

and  South 
and  small 
lution,  and 

L  of  marine 


plants.  In  Spain,  thcso  plants  have  h(>on  ciiltivat.Hl  for 
tlic  purpose  of  procuring' carbonate  of  soda  ;  and  the  best 
(luality  has  been  obtained  from  tb.)  barilla  thns  pro- 
dneed  Kelp  is  another  form  of  impure  soda,  which  is 
obtained  also  from  the  ashes  of  marine  plants ;  but  the 
.salieornia,  from  which  the  impure  form  of  soda  is  ob- 
tained,  grows  on  the  rneky  coast  of  many  countries— as 
Wales,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 

The  salt  is  colorless,  possesses  an  alkaline  reaction, 
and  a  disagreeable  ta.ste.  It  effervesces  with  acids,  is 
soluble  in  about  two  jjarts  of  cold  water,  and  in  a  blaze 
of  alcohol  it  burns  with  a  yellow  flame.  Its  usual  im- 
purity is  common  suit,  which  is  easily  detected  by  a 
solution  of  nitrate  of  silver.  But  at  the  present  day,  it 
is  more  generally  procured  from  common  salt  than  from 
marine  plants.  Medicinally,  it  is  used  to  correct  an 
acid  condition  of  the  se(;retions— as  gout,  gravel,  and 
certain  forms  of  dyspepsia.  It  has  been  used  also  in 
hooping-cough,  bronchoeele,  and  scrofula.  Dr.  Ter- 
ehier,  at  Geneva,  considers  it  preferable  to  iodine  in  the 
treatment  of  bronchoeele. 

In  diseases  of  the  skin,  where  a  papulous  or  scaly 
state  of  the  surface  exists,  it  is  administered  in  doses  of 
from  ten  grains  to  half  a  drachm  in  some  bitter  infusion. 
But  an  overdose  acts  as  a  corrosive  and  irritant  poison. 
Antidotes  are  olive  oil,  acetic  acid,  or  lemon  juice.  A 
proper  strength  for  a  lotion,  is  from  ten  grains  to  three 
drachms  to  a  pint  of  water  ;  and  for  a  general  bath, 
eight  to  sixteen  ounces  in  about  ten  gallons  of  water. 
The  ointment  may  be  formed,  varying  in  strength  fiom 
ei<dit  to  sixty  grains  to  one  ounce  of  lard,  according  to 


\ 


6n 


HAND-BOOK    OK    SARATOGA. 


;4>Ib  fMi 


tho  case.  It  was  detentcfl  as  a  conatitnont  of  tho  Bara- 
toRtt  miiKiriil  water  in  tho  year  1795,  by  Dr.  Vandor- 
voort  of  Now- York. 

Caiujonatk  op  Lime.— This  substance  is  widoly  spread 
through  many  of  tho  surface  rocks,  and  appears  under 
some  one  of  the  various  forms  of  spar,  and  common  and 
shell  limestone,   marble,  marl  and  chalk  ;  and  in  tho 
surface  water  of  all   limestone   countries,  and  enters 
largely  into  the  composition  of  the  shells  of  fishes.     In 
the  form  of  limewater  and  prepared  chalk,  it  is  fre- 
quently used  to  correct  acidity  of  tho  stomach  occasioned 
by  weak  digeation.     It  is  decomposed  by  heat  and  the 
acids,  also  by  potassa,  soda,   baryta,  strontia,  and  by 
acidulous  and  metallic  salts.     Dr.  Vandervoort  demon- 
strated its  presence  in  tho  Saratoga  water  in  the  year 
1795. 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia.— This  substance  was  dis- 
covered in  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and 
was  vended  in  the  shops  of  Italy  as  a  secret  remedy, 
and  possessing  of  course,  great  curative  powers,  under 
the  imposing  name  of  "  Count  Palmer."  But,  in  1755, 
Dr.  Black  examined  it,  and  clearly  demonstrated  its 
chemical  composition. 

It  exists  largely  in  nature,  and  is  one  of  the  four 
earths  forming  so  considerable  a  portion  of  the  crust  of 
our  planet.  It  is  principally  derived  from  the  bitterns 
in  salt  pans  after  the  crystallization  of  common  salt ; 
and  Scotland,  New  England,  and  Baltimore  are  cele- 
brated for  its  manufacture.     It  is  sparingly  soluble  in 


water,  but 

212  ^     Thif 

carbonic  acl 

dors  it  parti 

gas  so  freeh 

place,  whio! 

carbonates. 

As  a  catl 

rally  used 

an  acid  stoi 

morbid  aoii 

carbonate  c 

nesia  in  th 

state  in  tl 

these  orgai 

dition. 

These  sc 
debilitated 
childhood. 
"  As  a  lit! 
the  forma 
nates. 

It  is  an 
sulphuric 
determine 

Carbon 
known,  a 
vegetable 

*  Detectc 
Dr,  Vftnder 


^^:J:>A.. 


HAND  BOOK   OP    SARATOGA. 


67 


the  PaTa- 
.  Vandor- 


5ly  spread 
ars  under 
nmon  and 
tvd  in  the 
nd  enters 
ishes.     In 
it  is  fre- 
accasioned 
t  and  the 
a,  and  by 
rt  dcmon- 
i  the  year 


s  was  dis- 
mtury,  and 
it  remedy, 
'ers,  under 
t,  in  1755, 
istrated  its 

of  the  four 
he  crust  of 
the  bitterns 
nmon  salt ; 
e  are  cele- 
y  soluble  in 


water,  but  is  more  so  at  a  temperature  of  f)0«  than 
212^  This  is  owing  to  the  partial  expulsion  of  the 
carbonic  acid  by  the  heat  of  the  water,  which  acid  ren- 
ders it  partially  soluble  in  that  menstruum.  This  is  the 
gas  so  freely  evolved  from  the  mineral  fountains  of  this 
place,  which  holds  in  solution  the  magnesia  and  other 

carbonates. 

As  a  cathartic,  carbonate  of  magnesia  i.s  very  gene- 
rally used  in  cases  of  weak  digestion,  and  in  cases  of 
an  acid  stomach  it  produces  most  salutary  effects.  The 
morbid  acids  of  the  stomach  and  bowels  decompose  the 
carbonate  of  magnesia,  and,  forming  other  salts  of  mag- 
nesia in  the  bow,el8,  leave  the  carbonic  acid  in  a  free 
state  in  the  first  passages ;  this  is  most  acceptable  to 
these  organs  even  when  in  a  sensitive  and  irritable  con- 
dition. 

These  soothing  properties  render  it  very  applicable  to 
debilitated  adults,  and  in  many  diseases  incidental  to 

childhood. 

"■  As  a  lithontriptio,  it  has  been  prescribed  to  prevent 
the  formation  of  oalcult  when  the  uric  acid  predomi- 
nates. 

It  is  an  antidote  to  poison  by  arsenic,  and  nitric  and 
sulphuric  acids.  Its  existence  in  these  waters  was  first 
determined  by  Dr.  Vandervoort,  of  New- York,  1795. 

Carbonate  of  Iron.*— This  salt  of  iron  has  been  long 
known,  and  is  widely  distributed  through  the  mineral, 
vegetable,  and  the  animal  kingdoms,  probably,  in  part, 

«  Detected  ag  a  constituent  of  the  Saratoga  Mineral  Water  in  1795,  by 
Dr.  Vftndcrvoort 


\ 


■--^^'--'-'nriiBi'Trritrrr-  ----"^ 


68 


HAND-BOOK  OK  SARATOGA. 


giving  the  varied  tints  to  the  petals  of  flowers,  and  col- 
oring the  globules  of  the  blood  of  man  and  other  warm- 
blooded animals.  It  's  powerfully  tonic  as  a  medicine; 
it  rai.ses  the  pulse,  promotes  the  secretions,  and  imparts 
tone  to  the  system.  It  is  one  of  the  mineral  ingredi- 
ents in  the  mineral  waters  of  Saratoga,  and  of  course 
adils  greatly  to  their  tonic  powers  when  they  are  used 
as  alteratives. 

Professor  Emmons  discovered  phosphate  of  iron  in  the 
water  of  the  Empire  Spring.  This  ferruginous  salt  is 
an  important  medicine  when  prepared  by  the  chemist. 

Hydriodate  of  Potassa. — Iodine  )yas  first  discovered 
by  Courtois,  a  manufacturer  of  saltpetre  in  Paris,  in  the 
mother  water  of  sea-weeds.  As  a  medicine,  it  has  been 
very  much  used  since  1812,  and  at  the  present  time  is 
variously  compounded,  and  enters  largely  into  the  list 
of  the  most  important  prescriptions  of  modern  tirnes- 
This  substance  was  discovered  in  the  water  of  the  Con- 
gress Spring  by  Dr.  William  Usher,  and  his  discovery 
was  published  in  the  America*n  Journal,  No.  1,  vol.  15. 

Dr.  John  H.  Steel  detected  iodine  in  all  the  Saratoga 
waters  in  the  year  1828,  and  in  1829  published  the  fact 
in  the  succeedng  volume  of  the  same  journal.  It  excites 
strongly  the  glandular  system,  and  possesses  great  alter- 
ative power.  It  exists  largely  in  the  Saratoga  waters, 
as  they  contain  even  more  grains  per  gallon  than  the 
celebrated  baths  of  I<ugol. 

Bromine  was  discovered  by  Bolard,  of  Montpelier,  in 
France,  while  experimenting  on  the  water  of  ponds,  and 


from  its  unf 

been  used  as 

found  to  exis 

springs,  in  b 

was  first  disc 

ven,  in  wate 

county,  New 

toga,  by  A.  i 

animal  systei 

in  some  oase 

tive  remedy, 

The  foreg 

waters  of  Se 

active  of  oui 

one  of  the  n 

prescriptions 

in  the  city  o 

these  substf 

but  must  be 

bined    with 

formed  mus 

whereas  the 

have  a  unifc 

actly  calculi 

Hence,  d 

were  adfnin 

allowed  to  b 

compounds, 

creased.     0 

in  their  use 

taken.     Pei 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


69 


,  and  col- 
lier warm-  I 
medicine; 
id  imparts 
l1  ingredi- 
of  course 
y  are  used 

iron  in  the 
ous  salt  is 
chemist. 

discovered 
iris,  in  the 
t  has  been 
nt  time  is 
to  the  li.<«t 
em  times- 
f  the  Con- 
I  discovery 
1,  vol.  15. 
B  Saratoga 
ed  the  fact 
It  excites 
Treat  alter- 
iga  waters, 
1  than  the 


itpelier,  in 
ponds,  and 


from  its  unpleasant  odor  he  called  it  bromine.  It  hiis 
been  used  as  a  medicine  since  1829.  Like  iodine,  it  is 
found  to  exist  quite  uniformly  in  sea  water  and  in  salt 
springs,  in  both  Europe  and  America.  In  America  it 
was  first  discovered  by  Professor  Silliman,  of  New-Ha- 
ven,  in  water  of  the  salt  springs  of  Salina,  Onondaga 
county.  New- York,  and  in  the  mineral  waters  of  Sara- 
toga, by  A.  A.  Hays,  of  Connecticut.  Its  action  on  the 
animal  system  is  nearly  the  same  as  iodine,  and  may  be 
in  some  oases  substituted  for  it ;  but,  as  it  is  a  more  ac- 
tive remedy,  it  is  not  so  generally  used. 

The  foregoing  list  of  minerals,  which  exist  in  the 
waters  of  Saratoga,  are  among  the  most  important  and 
active  of  our  medical  agents ;  and  perhaps  there  is  not 
one  of  the  number  which  does  not  enter  into  the  daily 
prescriptions  of  every  physician  in  full  practice,  whether 
in  the  city  or  country.  And  in  the  practice  of  medicine, 
these  substances  are  rarely,  if  ever,  prescribed  alone, 
but  must  be  either  artificially  mixed  or  variously  com- 
bined with  other  substances.  The  combinations  so 
formed  must  vary  at  times  from  the  nature  of  the  case, 
whereas  these  waters,  as  in  all  natural  combinations, 
have  a  uniformity  so  constant  that  results  may  be  ex- 
actly calculated  and  depended  upon. 

Hence,  doubtless,  if  the  mineral  waters  of  Saratoga 
were  adtninistered  with  the  same  care  which  is  generally 
allowed  to  be  necessary  in  tho  administration  of  artificial 
compounds,  the  benefit  of  them  would  be  greatly  in- 
creased. One  of  the  errors  which  is  daily  committed 
in  their  use,  is  the  excessive  quantity  in  which  they  are 
taken.     Permanent  injury  is  often  done  in  cases  where, 


\ 


70 


HAND-BOOK   OF  SAKATOOA. 


if  properly  used,  they  would  be  attended   with  most 
salutary  effects. 

Carbonic  Acid  has  more  volume  than  any  other  min- 
eral found  in  the  springs  of  Saratoga,  and  it  is  more 
generally  diffused  than  any  other  mineral  substance 
known  to  science.  No  height  of  the  atmosphere  has 
failed  to  give  evidence  of  its  presence,  when  it  has  been 
subjected  to  appropriate  tests  ;  no  depths  of  the  earth 
which  have  been  unfolded  to  man,  have  failed  to  pre- 
sent this  peculiar  mineral,  either  in  a  free  or  combined 
state,  and  the  rocks  found  most  universally  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  are  carbonate  of  lime. 

Vegetables  cannot  grow  without  it,  and  the  animal 
kingdom  is  equally  dependent  on  its  presence.  :'- 

It  has  been  called  "  gas  of  wine,"  because  found  in 
this  fluid.  It  was  at  one  time  named  "  choke  damp," 
because  it  produces  spasms  of  the  glottis  when  attempts 
are  made  to  inhale  it.  One  chemist,  having  disenga- 
ged it  from  a  piece  of  chalk,  calls  it  "  cretaceous  air  ;  " 
another  detects  it  in  every  portion  of  the  atmosphere, 
and  he  names  it  "  aerial  acid."  Anu,  finally,  the  ana- 
lytical chemist  separates  it  into  its  constituent  parts, 
and  demonstrates  its  chemical  composition  to  consist  by 
volume  of  one  part  carbon  and  one  part  oxygen  gas. 
This  philosopher,  therefore,  designates  it  carbonic  acid, 
and  by  this  name  the  chemist  knows  it  at  the  present 

day. 

This  gas  is  pleasant  to  the  taste,  slightly  pungent, 
imparting  an  agreeable  flavor.  It  has  a  healthful  in- 
fluence when  received  into  the  stomach  by  taking  the 
place  of  other  acids,  and  changing  the  chemical  com- 


pounds whi( 

acts  chemi( 

which  resul 

it  allays  th( 

tion  of  the  < 

This  gas 

tions  of  the 

mosphere  ir 

air,  it  becor 

insensibilitj 

The  min( 

titles  of  thi 

it  above  thf 

may  at  anj 

sparkling,  1 

and  the  sod 

Its  effect 

ticeable  an 

eva,  Switz 

with  the  m 

Combine 

febrile  pat 

trie  irritati 

It  has  bee 

with  good  1 

Its  speci 

mineral,  fa 

other  low  s 

occupied  b 

as  is  well 

taper,  whi( 


^«^. 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


71 


pounds  which  are  the  result  of  impaired  digestion.  It 
acts  chemically  when  it  corrects  the  acids  and  gases 
which  result  from  indigestion,  and  as  a  sedative  when 
it  allays  the  nausea  and  vomiting  which  attend  irrita- 
tion of  the  organ. 

This  gas  is  irrespirable,  producing  spasmodic  contrac- 
tions of  the  glottis  :  even  when  it  is  inhaled  with  the  at- 
mosphere in  the  proportion  of  one  part  of  gas  to  nine  of 
air,  it  becomes  a  narcotic  poison  by  producing  stupor, 
insensibility,  and  death. 

The  mineral  springs  of  Saratoga  produce  large  quan- 
tities of  this  gas,  and  the  tubes  are  always  filled  with 
it  above  the  water,  and  experiments  upon  animal  life 
may  at  any  tinne  be  made  here.  This  gas  imparts  the 
sparkling,  lively  appearance  to  champagne,  beer,  cider, 
and  the  soda  water  of  the  shops. 

Its  effects  on  irritable  mucous  surfaces  have  been  no- 
ticeable and  very  beneficial.  Professor  Moyon  of  Gen- 
eva, Switzerland,  used  it  in  a  case  of  dysmenorrhea, 
with  the  most  soothing  effects. 

Combined  with  water,  it  forms  a  grateful  drink  to 
febrile  patients,  allaying  thirst,  lessening  nausea,  gas- 
tric irritation,  and  increasing  the  secretions  of  urine. 
It  has  been  prescribed  for  gravel  and  urinary  calculi 
with  good  results. 

Its  specific  gravity  is  1.521.  This  quality  of  th*- 
mineral,  favors  its  accumulation  in  caverns,  wells,  and 
other  low  situations,  near  which  it  is  generated,  if  un- 
occupied  by  water.  Its  presence  in  such  places  msv, 
as  is  well  known,  be  detected  by  lowering  a  liorhted 
taper,  which  in  this  gas  will  expire  immediately. 


\ 


*";ii 


■Si 

i 


^"i 


7*^  HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 

Water  under  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  holds 
one  volume  of  this  gas  in  solution,  and  if  the  pressure 
is  increased,  the  quantity  of  the  mineral  is  correspond- 
ingly  accumulated;  and  on  again  diminishing  the 
pressure  to  that  only  of  the  atmosphere,  the  gas  escapes 
with  active  effervescence. 

The  mineral  water  at  this  place  holds  more  than  one 
volume  of  carbonic  acid  in  solution.  It  therefore  must 
have  been  subject  to  a  pressure  greater  than  that  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  on  rising  to  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
this  extra  pressure  is  removed  and  the  gas  escapes,  giv- 
ing a  simmering  or  a  boiling  motion  to  the  surface  of  the 
water  in  the  spring. 

In  the  year  1823,  Faraday  subjected  carbonic  acid 
to  the  pressure  of  thirty-six  atmospheres,  and  a  fluid 
was  produced.     This  liquid  gas  is  also  colorless  and  ex- 
ceedingly  mobile,  having  a  specific  gravity  of  0.83   at 
the  temperature  of  32°  Fahr.     And  in  1836,  Thilosier 
solidified  it  by  taking  advantage  of  the  cold  which  was 
generated  by  the  sudden  gasefaotion  of  the  liquid  acid. 
When  a  solid  it  is  a  white,  filaraentous  body,  something 
like  asbestos.     This  gas  is  soluble  in  ether  ;  and  by  the 
evaporation  of  this  ■   '  Hion,  the  most  intense  cold,  viz., 
— 160<'  Fah.,  has  been  obtained.     Carbonic  acid  gas  is 
very  sensibly  affected  by  heat,  so  that  the  temperature 
which  would  increase  the  volume  of  air  once,  will  in- 
crease that  of  carbonic  acid  fourfold.  .... 

When  this  mineral  is  dissolved  in  water  it  very  mi> .  i 
increases  the  solvent  powers  of  that  menstruum,  en- 
abling it  to  take  up  and  hold  in  solution,  lime,  mag- 
nesia, and  iron,  in  greatly  increased  quantities ;  hence 


the  varM|y  i 
Saratoga.  J 
evaporated,  i 
be  re-dissolv 

The  presei 
toga  increas( 
nomenon  of 
trate  this  fai 

Besides  tl 
this  gas  is 
growth  and 
sition  of  calc 
ter  ;  it  is  ab 
also  evolved 
springs  lyinj 

That  an  i 
springs  is  ol 
as  soon  as  t 
mosphere  al 
question  wb 
long  be  tin 
and  at  whai 
come  thus  f 

Several  t 
the  origin  o 
canic,  chem 

It  has  bei 
occur  in  dij 
which  form 
This  suppoi 


'  -^itVaw--'" ''""""''"  "'^'^•' 


HAND-nOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


73 


the  varu^y  >f  constituents  in  the  mineral  fountains  of 
Saratoga.  And,  if  one  ounce  of  the  mineral  water  be 
evaporated,  salts  will  be  precipitated  which  would  not 
be  re-dissolved  by  gallons  of  common  rain  water.* 

The  presence  of  this  ga  3  in  the  mineral  water  of  Sara- 
toga increases  its  solvency  about  one  third.  The  phe- 
nomenon of  the  High  Book  Spring  will  be  seen  to  illus- 
trate this  fact. 

Besides  the  sources  already  mentioned  from  which 
this  gas  is  derived,  as  the  atmosphere,  combustion, 
growth  and  slow  decomposition  of  vegetables,  decompo- 
sition of  calcareous  rock,  fermentatiolTof  saccharine  mat- 
ter ;  it  is  also  a  result  of  volcanic  action.  This  fma  is 
also  evolved  in  great  quantities  from  all  the  mineral 
springs  lying  along  this  mineral  range. 

That  an  immense  amount  of  gas  is  contained  in  these 
springs  is  obvious.  That  it  is  freely  imparted  by  them 
as  soon  as  they  are  subjected  to  the  pressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere alone,  is  equally  well  known.  But  the  great 
question  which  has  thus  far  been,  and  perhaps  may 
long  be  unanswered,  still  remains  :  By  what  process, 
and  at  what  depths  of  the  earth's  crust,  have  they  be- 
come thus  freely  charged  ? 

Several  theories  have  been  advanced  to  account  for 
the  origin  of  carbonic  acid  in  mineral  fountains,  as  vol- 
canic, chemical,  &c.,  &c.  , 

It  has  been  supposed  by  some,  that  the  gases  which 

occur  in  different  fountains,  are  derived  from  the  rocks 

which  form  tke  channels  of  subterranean  water  courses. 

This  supposition  of  the  source  of  the  gases  is  farther 

*  See  page  4. 

4 


\ 


74 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


'?      ,., 


c#'! 


fe  •^'< 


strengthened  by  the  fact,  that  gases  diffenngiip  kmd, 
have  been  obtained  at  different  depths  in  the  same  bor- 
ing,  ar-  in  the  Ferry-street  ^vell  in  the  f  X  «[.^^^^7' 
New-York.     In  this  instance,  at  the  depth  of  thirty  feet, 
sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas  >vas  found   at  four  hundred 
feet  carburetted  hydrogen  ^vas  obtained,  and  ,at  four  hun- 
dred  and  eighty  feet  carbonic  acid,  free,  and  also  com- 
bined with  soda,  magnesia,  and  iron  came  sparkling  up, 
nearly  to  the  top  of  the  >vell.     The  boring  was  continued 
to  the  depth  of  six  hundred  feet  from  the  surface;  but 
the  same  kind   of  mineral    waters  continued  to  How 
charged  with  gases.       Those  could  be  separated    by 
tubes  introduced  into  each  other,  so  as  efleetually  to 
separate  the  three  several  kinds  of  water  occurring  m  the 

same  shaft.  i„„„;„ 

If  these    gases   had  been    the   product  of   voleamc 
action,  would  they  nr>t  have  appeared  together  at  the 
different  heights  in  the  same  boring,  and  could  they 
have  been  separated,  as  was  done  in  the  Ferry-street  well . 
Others  have  accounted   for  the  gas  in  the  fountain 
by  the  reciprocal  action  of  sulphuret  of  iron,  and  car- 
bonate  of  lime,  contained   in  the  strata  of  arg.Uite  in 
which  they  exist ;  but  admitting  this  origin  for  the  gas 
it  is  not  easy  to  account  for  the  absence  of  sulphate  of 
lime,  of  which  not  a  trace  has  been  discovered  m  the 
waters  of  Saratoga.  »  .  .v. 

An  opinion  is  entertained  by,  some  chemists,  that 
in  strata  holding  alkaline  and  ferruginous  carbonates  in 
combination,  free  carbonic  acid  and  alkaline  carbonates 
may  be  found  in  solution.  The  theory  of  slow  rnolecular 
acti  .n  seems  to  be  extended  with  fewer  difficulties,  and 


accounts'  eqi 
carbonic  acic 

And  there 
portant  agen 
region  to  the 
served,  that 
gas  does  not 
even  after  th 
Then  it  begi 
way,  graduf 
the  fountain 
And  if,  by 
water  withii 
to  rise  for  a 
ever,  after  t 
adapt  itself 

It  has  bee 
mineral  spri 
be  said  in  r( 
than  is  gene 
ties  of  the  * 

Water,  ne 
and  most  g( 

Its  solver 
As  it  expa 
rises  into  th 
gen,  nitrog 
These  it  dis 
rain,  hail,  c 
returns  thei 
particularlj 


•\  , 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


75 


ffi  kind, 
amo  bor- 

Albany, 
irty  feet, 

hundred 
four  hun- 
also  com- 
kling  up, 
continued 
face;  but 

to  flow, 
rated,  by 
itually  to 
ing  in  the 

;  volcanic 
ler  at  the 
ould  they 
treet  well  ? 
fountain 
(,  and  car- 
irgillite  in 
or  the  gas, 
sulphate  of 
jred  in  the 

riists,  that 
rbonates  in 
carbonates 
V  molecular 
julties,  and 


accounts*  equally  well  for  the  abundant  production  of 
carbonic  acid  in  this  locality. 

And  there  can  be  but  little  doubt,  but  it  is  an  im- 
portant agent  also  in  elevating  the  mineral  water  of  this 
region  to  the  surface  of  the  earth.  For  it  has  been  ob- 
served, that  in  all  cases  of  tubing  these  fountains,  the 
gas  does  not  rise  in  the  springs  until  some  hours  or  days 
even  after  the  water  has  reached  its  maxim-um  height. 
Then  it  begins  first  to  simmer  in  a  very  slight  and  feeble 
way,  gradually  increasing,  till  at  length  the  surface  of 
the  fountain  is  agitated  like  water  in  a  boiling  caldron. 
And  if,  by  any  cause,  the  pressure  of  the  column  of 
water  within  the  tube  is  increased,  the  gas  will  cease 
to  rise  for  a  time,  but  will  appear  again  as  active  as 
ever,  after  the  gas  has  had  time  to  accommodate,  and 
adapt  itself  to  the  additional  pressure. 

It  has  been  objected,  that  if  this  process  is  going  on, 
mineral  springs  should  occur  more  frequently.  It  may 
be  said  in  reply,  that  they  are  very  much  more  common 
than  is  generally  supposed,  inasmuch  as  forty-four  coun- 
ties of  the  State  of  New- York  furnish  mineral  springs. 

Water,  next  to  atmospheric  air,  is  the  most  abundant 
and  most  generally  diffused  fluid  in  nature. 

Its  solvent  power  is  such,  that  it  is  rarely  found  pure. 
As  it  expands  into  vapor  by  the  influence  of  heat,  it 
rises  into  the  air,  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  oxy- 
gen, nitrogen,  carbonic  acid  and  ammoniacal  salts. 
These  it  dissolves,  and  when  the  vapor  condenses  into 
rain,  hail,  or  snow,  it  still  holds  them  in  solution  and 
returns  them  to  the  ground.  These  substances  are  thus 
particularly  well  prepared  for  food  for  plants  ;  and  hence 


\ 


76 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SAUATOOA. 


lI.'<       rUii 


the  invigoration  and  rapid  growth  of  vegetation  which 
invariably  follows  gentle  falls  of  rain  and  snow  in  the 
late  spring.     And  so  obvious  is  this  cirect  even  of  a  late 
snow  upon  the  growth  of  vegetation,  that  farmers  have 
;allecl   I  the   "  poor  man's  manure."     It  is  tolerably 
well  understood  that  the  artificial  irrigation  of  plants 
does  not  produce  results,  nearly  so  desirable,  and  hence 
we  are  led  to  the  supposition,  at  least,  that  water  hoUls 
its  combinations  in  a  manner  quite  different  whether 
fallincr  in  showers,  running  in  springs,  or  standing  quiet- 
ly  in  vessels ;  though  it  may  be  true,  as  has  sometimes 
been  supposed,  that  these  combin.Mons  are  in  each  in- 
stance the  same,  in  kind  and  propor>  ,on.*  . 

When  the  water  percolates  the  soil,  or  runs  deep 
amoncr  the  rocks  which  compose  the  crust  of  the 
earth,  it  comes  in  contact  with  a  great  variety  o  min- 
erals, acids,  alkalies,  and  fossils,  dissolving  a  portion  of 
each  These  substances  are  thus  conveyed  in  solution 
to  the  ocean,  where  the  water  is  evaporated,  and  the 
salts  are  precipitated.  . 

In  this  way  a  constant  increase  of  earths,  minerals, 
and  salts  is  taking  place  in  the  great  reservoirs  of  the 

^^'rhus,  perhaps,  have  been  excavated  the  large  caves 
common  in  limestone  formations.  The  water  having 
always  more  or  less  carbonic  acid  in  solution  becomes 
an  active  solvent  of  lime,  and  when  brought  in  contact 
with  it,  takes  it  up  from  the  surface  of  the  rock,  thence 

.  The  changes  wliict  take  place  in  the  eharacter  of  the  solutions  of 
^ater  under  different  circumstances,  might  become  a  subject  of  cunou, 
inquiry. 


it  flows  off; 
the  lime  is 
mites,  &c.,  t 

When   w£ 
meets  some 
it  until  it  I 
This  outlet  i 

When  sp 
ing  a  larger 
ons  gases  in 
mineral  spri 

By  acidul 
fountains  wl 
have  a  pecn 
contain  alw 
constituents 

To  this  ' 
known  foui 
water  is  noi 
York  has  I 
ready  desor 


EVACUAN' 

standing  de 
of  no  other 
can  be  cor 
ciously  use( 


JjS^- 


± 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


77 


m  which 
V  in  the 
of  a  Ifi-to 
lers  have 
tolerably 
of  plants 
nd  hence 
ter  holds 

whether 
ing  quiet- 
loinetimes 

each  in- 

uns  deep 
ist  of  the 
;y  of  min- 
portion  of 
in  solution 
1,  and   the 

,  minerals, 
oirs  of  the 

large  caves 
ter  having 
n  becomes 
I  in  contact 
ock,  thenco 

«  solutions  of 
ject  of  curious 


it  flows  off;  but  if  the  temperature  should  be  raised 
the  lime  is  precipitated  ;  hence  the  stalactites,  stalag- 
mites, &c.,  so  abundant  in  these  localities. 

When  water,  percolating  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
meets  some  impervious  stratum,  it  is  accumulated  upon 
it  until  it  rises  to  such  a  level  as  to  find  an  outlet. 
This  outlet  is  called  a  spring. 

When  springs  differ  from  ordinary  water  in  contain- 
ing  a  larger  proportion  of  saline  ingredients,  with  vari- 
ous gases  in  greater  or  less  quantities,  they  are  called 
mineral  springs. 

By  acidulous  or  carbonated  springs,  we  mean  those 
fountains  which  are  charged  with  carbonic  acid.  They 
have  a  peculiar,  sparkling  and  exhilarating  effect,  and 
contain  always  some  alkaline  carbonate  as  one  of  the 
constituents. 

To  this  class  of  mineral  springs  belong  the  well- 
known  fountains  of  Saratoga.  This  kind  of  mineral 
water  is  not  very  common,  and  in  the  State  of  New- 
York  has  been  only  found  in  the  mineral  range  al- 
ready described*  in  this  work. 


CHAPTER     V. 

EvACUANT. — As  a  general  evacuant  in  oases  of  long 
standing  debility  and  depraved  general  health,  I  know 
of  no  other  remedy,  either  simple  or  compound,  which 
can  be  compared  with  these  mineral  waters,  if  judi- 
ciously used  and  persevered  in. 
*  See  pago  31. 


\ 


M 


W' 


78 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SAHATOOA. 


'i   ( 


As  a  cathartic  they  are  pleasant  tf>  the  taste,  grateful 
to  the  stc.inach,  eflicient  us  an  evacuaiit,   \\hilo  they 
leave  the  ulimcntary  caiml  stronger,  and  its  fnnction« 
more  vigorous.     Patients   whoso  digestive  organs  have 
been    impaired   by  disease,  enfeebled   by  excess,  or  ex- 
hausted  by  the  toil  of  accumulated  years,  find  in  them 
an  agent  which  will  relieve  the  organs,  without  first  in- 
creasing  the   existing   debility.     When   taken   in    the 
morning  upon  an  empty  stomach,  in  a   potation  from 
half  a  pint  to  three  pints,  a  full  and  copious  dejection 
soon  takes  place;  unloading  the  whole  length  of  the 
digestive  tube  of  the  remnants  of  the  previous  day's  in- 
gesta.  which  is  of  no  farther  use  tuthe  system,  but  on  the 
conti  iry,  may  be  the  source  of  much  harm.     This  free 
evacuation  is   copious  without  pain,  and  leaves  the  di- 
gestive tube  at  perfect  freedom  to  exert  its  digestive  and 
assimilating  powers  on  the  next  portion  of  food  present- 
ed to  it. 

And  although  the  dejections  are  free,  and  in  many 
instances  most  copious,  yet  no  languor  or  debility  is  ex- 
perienced  by  the  patient,  but  on  the  contrary,  his  appe- 
tito  is  increased  for  the  next  meal.  Even  the  digestive 
functions  are  greatly  improved,  the  power  of  assimila- 
tion  and  nutrition  is  increased,  additional  strength  is 
imparted  to  the  body,  and  as  a  consequence,  new  and 
increased  vigor  to  the  mind. 

Diuretic— As  a  diuretic  they  are  no  less  happy  in 
their  results,  in  cases  proper  for  their  use,  than  as  a  ca- 
thartic.     For  their  action  on  the  kidneys,  and  the  gen- 
eral renal  seqfetions,  is  prompt,  certain,   uniform  and 
'    efficient.     But  they   must  be  differently  administered 


when  diurt 
taken  at  a  1 
intervals,  a 

DlAPllORl 

ccssful    as 
diseases  fii 
them,     in 
relief,  and 
very  large 
bad    functi 
otherwise, 
their  medii 
ciently  re; 
bowels  ha 
inquired  a 
thought  o 
this  negle 
cleanliness 
In  this 
mc  to  bo 
that  phys 
that  a  ver 
to  health 
are  undot 
taken  as  e 
interfere  ' 
of  the  dig 
to  a  great 
portant  oi 
prepare  i 
the  bowel 


m 


I 


rm- 


prate  ful 
lilo  tliey 
'n  not  ions 
aiis  have 
its,  or  ex- 
1  in  them 
t  first  in- 
1   in    the 
;ion  from 
dejection 
thof  the 
day's  in- 
uton  the 
This  free 
'es  the  di- 
Bstive  and 
d  present- 

1  in  many 
lity  is  ex- 
,  his  appe- 
I  digestive 

assimila- 
trength  is 

now   and 


3  happy  in 
in  as  a  oa- 
d  the  gen- 
liform  and 
Irainistered 


■■#.- 


HAND-DOOK   OF    SARATOOA. 


79 


when  diuretic  clTocts  are  to  bo  obtained ;  the  quantity 
taken  at  a  time  should  bo  l.!.ss,  and  repeated  at  shorter 
interval.^,  and  if  possil)ie  dranic  fresh  from  the  fountain. 

Diaphoretic— As  a  diaphoretic  they  are  equally  sue- 
cossful  as  an  cvacuant.  And  very  many  cutaneous 
diseases  find  ready  relief  from  an  alterative  con rso  of 
them,  in  the  case  of  ihose  who  have  resorted  re  for 
relief,  and  have  comci  under  my  personal  ob.s-  ation,  a 
very  large  proportion  of  them  have  had  an  c  a-  mgly 
bad    functional   state   of  the   skin;    and   oft.  'lan 

otherwise,  if  there  had  been  any  error  c  ramiited  by 
their  medical  adviser  at  home,  it  had  been  in  not  sufii- 
ciently  regarding  this  great  depurating  organ.  The 
bowels  had  been  purged,  the  functions  of  the  kidneys 
inquired  after  ;  but  those  of  the  skin  had  never  been 
thought  of  either  by  the  patient  or  his  physician,  and 
this  neglect   sometimes   even   to  the  lack  of  ordinary 

cleanliness. 

In  this  connection  I  wish  to  correct  what  seems  to 
mo  to  bo  an  error  in  the  minds  of  many  people,  viz.  : 
that  physio  will  euro  constipation  of  the  bowels,  and 
that  a  very  free  state  of  the  first  passages  is  necessary 
to  health  and   comfort.     Now,  both  of  these  positions 
are  undoubtedly  wrong.     Physio  is  an  evil,  and  is  to  bo 
taken  as  a  choice  of  evils  when  taken  at  all.     It  must 
interfere  with  digestion,  and  all  the  legitimate  functions 
of  the  digestive  and  assimilative  organ.<,  by  exhaustmg 
to  a  c-reater  or  less  degree  the  vital  powers  of  these  im- 
porta^nt  organs  ;  and  they  are  therefore  less  qualified  to 
prepare  nutriment  for  the  individual.     A  free  state  of 
the  bowels  is  an  unnatural  state  of  the  organs,  and  the 


\ 


i: 


80 


IIAND-UOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


food  passes  from  tho  digestivo  tube  before  tho  absorbents 
have  had  time  to  take  up  tho  nutriment.  And  a  major- 
ity  of  mineral  water  drinkers  physio  themselves  too 
much.  A  healthy  action  of  tho  bowels  is  all  that  is 
rotpiired  ;  and  all  extremes  are  to  be  avoided.  Consti- 
pation is  only  to  bo  cured  by  checking  those  functions 
which  arc  in  excess,  and  properly  correcting  the  score- 
tions  and  stimulating  tho  muscles  of  tho  bowels.  A  re- 
laxed state  of  the  bowels  is  to  be  remedied  by  increas- 
ing the  secretions  of  the  kidneys  and  the  skin,  and 
regulating  tho  diet.  ♦  ..     ■   ; 

BtLious  Diseases.-  -In  those  cases  where  the  liver  is 
making  bile  unhealthy  in  quality  or  quantity,  and  with- 
out organic  lesion  being  present  in  the  viscus,  these 
waters,  used  as  a  cathartic  in  tho  morning,  with  such 
assistance  over  night  as  the  case  may  require,  produce 
tho  most  happy  results.  But  if  a  higher  grade  of  arte- 
ria^  -ctic^  is  present,  or  if  organic  lesion  has  taken 
piac  1.  ant.  a  dropsical  state  of  the  lower  extremities  has 
sui.rirvened,  then  they  arc  injurious  without  an  excep- 
nn.  But  it  must  be  remembered,  that  extensive 
swellings  may  take  place  from  a  great  variety  of  causes 
besides  organic  disease,  which  may  be  relieved  with 
great  facility  by  a  proper  and  timely  use  of  these  mine- 
ral waters. 

In  a  passive  state  of  the  bowels,  when  an  evacuation 
is  not  obtained  save  at  the  expense  of  much  time,  or 
large  doses  of  active  medicines,  with  clay-colored  stools, 
and  a  dry  and  rough  state  of  the  skin,  the  cathartic 
mineral  waters,  if  taken  in  the  morning  an  hour  or  two 
before  breakfast,  in  proper  quantities  for  physio,  and  in 


iIk^o. 


jsorbcnta 
a  mnjor- 
ilvoH  too 
il  that  is 
Consti- 
iinotiong 
lie  seore- 
s.  A  ro- 
■  increas- 
ilcin,  and 


e  liver  is 
iml  with- 
!us,  these 
vrith  such 
,  produce 
e  of  arto- 
Las  taken 
tiities  has 
in  excep- 
extensive 
of  causes 
vod  with 
3se  mine- 

vaouation 
b  time,  or 
red  stools, 
cathartic 
lur  or  two 
ic,  and  in 


#'..:!  I 


\ 


4«!^. 


.  -f. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


^^^, 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


,v, . , 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


smaller  port 

neys,  skin,  i 

system  mosi 

above  descr 

proper  and 

mineral  \va 

shower-bath 

After  the  hi 

the  patient 

tion  on  the 

flesh-brush, 

ed.     This  r 

the  patient 

effectually  ■ 

of  the  inte 

some  of  th 

state  of  the 

fluids  of  e\ 

oeive,  woul 

agency  of 

And  notwil 

had  been 

would  cont 

come,  a3  \ 

the  more  a 

morbid  ao 

kidneys  oi 

j   suft'orings, 

state  of  th 

cine  taker 

thartio  wa 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


81 


smaller  portions  through  the  day,  to  operate  on  the  kid- 
neys,  skin,  and  liver,  will  in  a  few  days  regulate   the 
system  most  perfectly.     But  in  bilious  dilliculties  of  the 
above  description,    much  relief   may  be    obtained   by 
proper  and   timely  bathing.     These  baths  should   be  of 
mineral  water  generally,    and  used  in  the  form   of  a 
shower-bath,  about  ten  or  eleven  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
After  the  bath  has  been  indulged  in,  it  is  important  that 
the  patient  should  be  carefully  wiped  dry,  and  the  fric- 
tion on  the  surface  continued  with  a  coarse  towel,  or  a 
flesh-brush,  until  the  skin  is  warm    and  generally  flush- 
ed.    This  rubbing  should  in  most  instances  be  done  by 
the  patient  himself,  for  the  circulation  is  thereby  more 
effectually  thrown  upon  the  surface,  and  the  congestion 
of  the  internal   organs  more   effectually   relieved.      In 
some  of  the  above  cases  I  have  known  such  an  active 
state  of  the  kidneys  or  skin  to  exist,  that  almost  all  the 
fluids  of  every   description  which  the  system  could  re- 
ceive, would  be  passed  directly  from  the  body  by  the 
agency  of  the  renal  organs,  or  the  pores  of  the  skin. 
And  notwithstanding  large  quantities  of  mineral  water 
had  been  taken  by  the  patient,   yet  the  constipation 
would  continue  to  be  more  and  more  diflioult  to  over- 
come, a?  well  as  the  torpidity  of  the  bowels  so  much 
the  more  aggravated  ;  the  long  and  unpleasant  train  of 
morbid  action  incident  to  an  excessive  secretion  of  the 
kidneys  or  of  the    skin,   also    superadded    to   former 
suft'orings,  by  the  very  course  resorted  to  for  relief.     This 
state  of  the  system  is  easily  overcome  by  proper  medi- 
cine taken  over  night,  followed  in  the  morning  b''  ?a- 
thartic  water,  together  with  bathing  and  frictior    '  .he 

4» 


82 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 


skin.  In  other  oases  again,  there  maj'  bo  a  little 
general  excitement, which  will  be  so  much  enhanced  by 
the  carbonic  acid,  that  it  becomes  necessary  to  expel  it 
before  the  water  is  taken.  This  is  usually  accomplish- 
ed  by  setting  the  water  in  the  lodging-room  over  night, 
or  by  immersing  it  in  warm  ^ater  in  the  morning  just 
before  using  it ;  this  will  expel  the  gas  and  insure  the 
cathartic  effect. 

Alterative  Use  of  the  Water.— When  the  cathartic 
effects  are  obtained  from  the  use  of  the  water,  many  peo- 
pie  seem  to  think  the  work  is  completed.and  they  of  course 
expect  to  be  well,  when  in  truth  they  have  taken  but 
one  step  on  the  way  toward  a  permanent  cure.     They 
have,  by  an  antiseptic  physic,  evacuated  the  first  passa- 
ges of  ill-prepared  feculent  matter.     But  the  water  has 
passed  through  the  bowels,  and  scarcely  any  of  it  has 
entered  into  the  system  proper,  or  passed  the  secreting 
organs,  and  become  a  part  of  the  circulating  fluids  of 
the  body,  or  combined  with  their  nutriment.     This  is 
only  to  be  done  by  small  potations  taken  repeatedly 
through  the  day  ;  and  in  most  instances  these  draughts 
should  be  taken  from  the  more  tonic  springs,  as  the 
Columbian,  Hamilton,  and  the  High  Rock  fountains. 

The  quantity  of  water  taken  in  this  way  should  be 
small  at  first,  say  a  gill  or  half  a  pint,  to  delicate  females 
and  others  in  proportion,  and  should  be  repeated  every 
three  or  four  hours  throughout  tho  day,  and  gradually 
increased  in  quantity  until  the  maximum  amount  the 
system  can  dispose  of  properly,  has  been  taken  by  the 
patient.  In  this  way  an  alterative  course  is  obtained, 
'ch  may  change  the  whole  secretions  of  the  body,  a 


very  impoi 
chronic  dis 
The  smc 
fountains, 
to  obtain  i 

Gravel. 

bladder,  rin 

where  the 

these  min 

quantities, 

diuretic  e! 

quently  sr 

This  resu 

the  warm 

increase  t 

cases  whe 

bladder   { 

seemed  to 

which  ha 

subject  tc 

Chroni 
been  rep( 
taken  as 
through  1 
a  shower 

Phage: 
charactei 
beneficia 


m 


HAND-BOOK   OP    SARATOGA. 


83 


e  a  little 
ihanced  by 
to  expel  it 
ccomplish- 
jver  nightj 
irning  just 
insure  the 


e  cathartic 
many  peo- 
ey  of  course 

taken  but 
uve.  They 
first  passa- 
3  water  has 
ly  of  it  has 
le  secreting 
ng  fluids  of 
it.     This  is 

repeatedly 
se  draughts 
ings,  as  the 
buntains. 
y  should  be 
Date  females 
eated  every 
d  gradually 
amount  the 
iken  by  the 
is  obtained, 

the  body,  a 


very  important  point  to  be  obtained  in  most  cases  of 

chronic  disease. 

The  small  alterative  potations  should  be  drank  at  the 
fountains,  where  the  water  is  as  perfect  as  it  is  possible 
to  obtain  it.  '^<^ 

Gravel.— In  gravelly  states  of  the  kidneys  and  the 
bladder,  many  well-attested  cases  might  be  produced, 
where  the  patients  have  been  cured  by  the  waters  from 
these  mineral  springs.      They  should  bo  drank  in  such 
quantities,  and  with  such  repetition  as  to  insure  a  copious 
diuretic  eflect,  when  large  quantities  of  sand,  and  fre- 
quently small  calculi  will  be  discharged  with  the  urine. 
This  result  is  frequently  much  assisted  by  the  use  of 
the  warm  bath,  which,  in  a  large  part  of  the  cases,  will 
increase  the  secretions  of  the  kidneys.     And  even  in 
cases  where  there  was  evidently  organic  lesion  of  the 
bladder   present,   the   free   use  of  the  mineral  water 
seemed  to  furnish  more  relief  than  any  other  remedy 
which  had  been  used,  although  the  patient  had  been 
subject  to  the  directions  of  the  first  medical  men. 

Chronic  Rhf  j«iatism.— '^his  formidable  disease  has 
been  repeatedly  cured  by  a  liberal  use  of  the  water 
taken  as  a  cathartic  in  the  morning,  as  an  alterative 
through  the  day,  and  externally  applied  in  the  form  of 
a  shower  bath,  cold  from  one  of  the  mineral  fountains. 

Phagedenic— In  ill-conditioned  ulcers  of  the  above 
character,  these  mineral  waters  have  been  found  very 
beneficial,  and  are  to  be  internally  and  externally  ap- 


<§,, 


^ 


-iSK'r 


84 


lUND-DOOK   OF    SAR\TOOA. 


plied.  The  external  application,  both  g-^neral  and  local, 
should  he  prescribed,  when,  in  a  short  time,  the  ulcers 
will  change  their  aspect  and  begin  to  heal, 

CuT^ous  DisEASKS.— Diseases  of  the  skin  are  very 
numerous,  and  some  of  them  are  difficult  to  treat  in  or- 
dinary practice.     But  all  those  which  depend  on  an  acid 
state  of  the  secretions,  and  which  have  been  controlled 
by  an  alkaline  treatment,   are  happily  treated  by  the 
mineral  water.     These  cases  require  the  fluids  of  the 
body  to  be  saturated  with  the  mineral  water,  and  also 
the  daily  applicatio  i  of  the  bath.     Papulous  diseases  in- 
volving  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  are  perfectly 
cured  during  one  season  by  the  use  of  these  mmoral 
waters. 

Scrofula.— This  state  of  the  system  finds  great  re- 
lief from  the  use  of  the  mineral  waters  of  Saratoga. 
Those  laboring  under  it  should  drink  the  water  in  the 
morning  as  an  aperient,  take  it  as  an  alterative  through 
the  day,  and  bathe  regularly  once  during  every  twenty- 
four  hours,  unless  some  particular  reason  for  the  con- 
trary should  exist.  In  tk^se  cases,  the  external  ap- 
plication is  highly  important.  Iodine  and  bromme 
occur  in  sufficient  quantities  in  these  waters,  sensibly 
to  affect  such  cases,  when  applied  generally  to  the  sur- 
face,  and  in  amount  even  equal  to  the  quantity  used  in 
baths  with  so  much  success  in  the  south  of  Europe. 

The  temperature  and  frequency  of  the  baths  in  these 
diseases,  must  depend  upon  the  general  health  of  the 
patient,  the  state  of  the  weather,  and  the  season  of  the 
year  when  they  are  used. 


Cm-oRos 

difficulties 

drinking  i 

have  kno\ 

to  practise 

cording  to 

proper  in  ( 

stance,  ea 

water ;  an 

by  female 

until  the 

ed  to  wa 

the  twenl 

tremely  i 

such  pati 

to  the  difl 

ing  air  a 

with  larg 

to  the  ho 

lating  fo( 

experime 

By  th< 

ing  oppo 

air,  and  ( 

I  mean  1 

visit  the 

the  sam( 

length ; 

ral  wat( 

same  es 

that  ev( 


HAND-BOOK   OP    SAHATOOA. 


85 


ind  local, 
he  ulcers 


are  very 
•eat  in  or- 
)n  an  acid 
controlled 
ed  by  the 
ids  of  the 
,  and  also 
[iseases  in- 
I  perfectly 
le  mineral 


i  great  re- 
Saratoga, 
iter  in  the 
ve  through 
ry  twonty- 
r  the  con- 
sternal  ap- 
d    bromine 
rs,  sensibly 
to  the  sur- 
tity  used  in 
Europe, 
ths  in  these 
jalth  of  the 
ason  of  the 


Cm-oRosis.— This   disease  and  many  other   kindred 
difficulties,  are  readily  removed  by  a  judicious  course  of 
drinking  and  bathing  in  these  mineral  wrJers.     But  I 
have  known  some  patients  much  injured  by  attempting 
to  practise  a  course  of  diet,  medicine  and  .^xercise,  ac- 
cording to  some  popular  direction,  which  may  be  very 
properdin  other  cases,  but  not  necessary  in  all— as  for  in- 
stance, early  rising,  long  walks,  deep  draughts  of  cold 
water  ;  and  all  this  is  to  be  accomplished  before  breakfast 
by  females,  who  for  years  have  not  risen  in  the  morning 
until  the  breakfast  hour  ;  never  have  been  accustom- 
ed to  walk  any  considerable  distance  at  any  time  in 
the  twenty-four  hours  ;  and  whose   stomachs  are  ex- 
tremely irritable,  and  their  general  health  feeble.      For 
such  patients  to  leave  a  warm  bed,  subject  themselves 
to  the  diflference  of  temperature  between  it  and  the  morn- 
ing air  about  the  fountain,  and  drench  their  stomachs 
wHh  large  portions  of  cold  mineral  water,  then  return 
to  the  hotel,  and  add  to  all  the  rest  a  full  meal  of  stimu- 
lating  food,  must  be  a  hurtful,  if  it  be  not  a  dangerous 
experiment. 

By  these  remarks,  I  am  not  to  be  understood  as  be- 
ing opposed  to  early  rising,  exercising  in  the  morning 
air,  and  drinking  the  water  at  the  several  fountains  ;  but 
I  mean  to  be  understood  as  saying,  that  all  persons  who 
visit  these  springs  in  pursuit  of  health,  cannot  rise  at 
the  same  hour  in  the  morning  ;  take  a  walk  of  the  same 
length  ;  drink  the  same  number  of  tumblers  of  cold  mme- 
ral  water  ;  and  eat  the  same  kind  of  food,  and  to  the 
same  extent,  with  precisely  the  same  results.  I  mean 
that  every  person's  extrcise  should  be  measured  by  his 


86 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


ability  ;  his  food  by  his  power  to  digest  and  assimilate  ; 
that  his  rising  in  the  morning,  and  the  amount  of  water 
drank,  where  and  at  what  temporaturo,  should  depend 
on  the  efloots  produced,  rather  than  the  papular  opinion 
of  good,  wise,  or  fashionable  individuals,  who  have 
"  known  all  about  the  water,"  beeause  they  had  been 
here  before,  once  or  oftener,  and  have  drank  it  by  "  rule." 

Phthisis. — Mueh  as  has  been  said  of  late,  about  the 
effects  of  the  mineral  water  of  Saratoga  in  this  disease, 
I  have  yet  to  learn  that  they  have  ever  been  of  use  in 
well-marked  cases  of  this  kind.  And  from  those  who 
have  thought  and  written  to  the  contrary,  I  must  beg 
most  respectfully  to  differ.  I  have  never  seen  a  case, 
where  I  thought  there  was  even  a  shade  of  palliation 
produced  by  the  use  of  the  water,  but  on  the  contrary  it 
has  been  always  injurious,  increasing  all  the  alarming 
symptoms  of  this  most  formidable  disease. 

I  have  also  known  many  coughs  and  pains  about  the 
pectoral  regions,  most  promptly  and  effectually  cured 
by  drinking  the  mineral  waters,  but  the  cough  and  the 
pains  in  the  chest  were  dependent  upon  a  diseased  ac- 
tion in  one  or  more  of  the  digestive  and  assimilating 
organs,  and  not  on  that  pathological  state  of  the  lungs 
which  is  phthisis  pulmonalis.  My  advice  to  all  who  are 
laboring  under  this  disease  is,  not  to  drink  of  any  one 
of  our  mineral  springs  recently  or  remotely  discovered 
and  brought  into  notice. 

Diseases  peculiar  to  the  Southern  and  Western  States, 
and  which  are  caused  by  miasma,  are  much  relieved  by 
a  few  weeks'  sojourn  at  the  Springs.  The  stimulating 
and  dry  atmosphere  of  Saratoga  county  is  well  oalcu- 


HAND-DOOK   OF    SAIIATOOA. 


87 


dmilate ; 
of  water 
i  depoiid 
r  opinion 
ho  havo 
lad  been 
r  "  rule." 

.bout  the 
s  disease, 
)f  use  in 
hose  who 
must  beg 
1  a  case, 
palliation 
ontrarjr  it 
alarming 

about  the 
illy  cured 
1  and  the 
ceased  ac- 
similating 
the  lungs 
ill  who  are 
f  any  one 
discovered 

jrn  States, 
elieved  by 
timulating 
rell  calcu- 


lated to  remove  diseases  which  occur  in  the  damp  mias- 
matic climates  which  prevail  along  tho  seaboard,  and  the 
lakes  and  tho  rivers  of  the  Western  and  Houthwestern  ^ 
States.  And  the  morbid  condition  of  tho  digestive  or- 
gans,  which  is  so  frequent  an  attendant  on  bilious  dis- 
eases, is  often  removed  by  the  use  of  the  mineral  water 
of  Sarato.'a.  It  acts  powerfully  on  the  secretions  of  the 
liver,  the^skin,  and  tho  kidneys.  It  improves  tho  ap- 
petite, the  digestion,  and  tho  nutrition  of  this  class  of 

patients. 

Another  class  of  patients  which  are  very  much  bene- 
fited  here,  are  those  who  have,  by  too  close  and  protract- 
ed  application  to  business,  over-taxed  the  brain    and 
nervous  system.      This  class  of  patients  can  spend  a 
few  weeks  at  Saratoga,  and  be  speedily  relieved  from 
their  ar^.ious  cares  and  labors  without  becoming  im- 
patient of  their  want  of  employment.     Tho  day  passes, 
and  the  week  is  even  gone,  and  they  can  scarcely  ac- 
count for  it.     Their  time  has  been  completely  occupied, 
and  yet  they  have  had  no  particular  business  on  hand 
at  any  hour.     While  the  cause  which  produced  their  ^ 
indisposition  is  removed,  nature,  aided  by  the  whole- 
some  atmosphere,  the  medical  qualities  of  the  mineral 
waters,  and  the  congenial  friends  who  surround  them, 
restores  them  unconsciously  to  health. 

DamKiNG  THE  Waters  in  the  WiNTER.-Although  it 
has  been  the  custom  for  half  a  century  past,  to  use  ihese 
mineral  waters  as  a  medicine  during  the  warm  ,  ons 
of  the  year,  yet  but  few  comparatively  have  bee.  in- 
duced to  remain  here  during  the  colder  portions  of  the 
year,  to  use  the  water  as  a  remedial  agent;   but  long 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


oxpcrionco  has  most  clearly  ostablishod  the  fact,  that 
they  may  bo  used  with  nearly  as  much  promise  of 
success  in  the  winter  as  at  any  other  season  of  the 
%  year.  It  is  true  that  July  and  August  are  the  fash- 
ionable months  at  Saratoga,  and  many  who  reside  in 
the  largo  cities  being  compelled  by  the  sickly  season  at 
j  homo,  to  remove  into  the  country  for  safety,  make  choice 

'  of  these  months.      It  is  also  an  interval  from  active 

business,  which  is  an  additional  reason  for  their  making 
their  annual  tours  for  pleasure  and  health  at  this  time. 
But  a  large  proportion  of  invalids  are  not  restricted 
by  any  such  relations  as  the  above,  and  might  come  in 
the  cold  weather  as  well  as  the  warm  if  they  were 
aware  of  the  practicability  of  using  the  water  during 
the  Winter,  Spring,  and  Atitumn. 

We  have  never  been  able  to  detect  any  difference  in 

the  temperature,  specific  gravity,  or  mineral  composition 

of  the  waters,  during  the  winter  months.     They  have 

their  origin  so  deep  in  the  earth,  and  so  remote  from  the 

circulating  currents  of  fresh  water  on  the  surface,  that 

the  fall  and  spring  rains  do  not  affoct;  them  in  the  least. 

The  waters,  therefore,  are  as  medicinal  during  the  three 

quarters  of  the  year  when  they  have  not  been  used,  as 

they  are  during  the  one  quarter  in  which  they  have  been 

applied.     And  those  who  have   used  them  during  the 

!  winter  with  marked  success,  practically  confirm    the 

'  above  conclusions-     And  were  I  called  upon  for  some  of 

;  the  most  striking  instances  of  relief  obtained  by  drink- 

?  ing  the  waters,  I  should  refer  to  cases  treated  in  the 

I  winter  season,  as  among  the  most  prominent.      And  no 

I    .       distinction  need  be  made,  save  with  those  who  cannot 

I  endure  the  exposure  of  their  journey.     It  would  bo  quite 


as  plausible 
ply  other  re 
liof  was  no 
the  sum  me 
ble,  are  the 
as  in  the  si 

CONSTIPA 

of  causes, 
sedentary  '. 
testinal  tul 
flammatior 
nerves,  a  r( 
and  a  morl 
more  comr 
cause,  per] 
viz.,  too  0 
Constipatic 
daily  durii 
which  aro 
mineral wj 

Cathar' 
among  the 
thartio  me 
may  be  ta 
breakfast 
after  the  r 
the  langu( 
of  ordinar 
the  water. 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


89 


nt,  that 
iiiso  of 
of  the 
10  fash- 
jsiJo  in 
3ason  at 

0  choice 

1  active 
making 
lis  time. 
Bstricted 
come  in 
ey  were 
:  during 

srcnce  in 
n  position 
ley  have 
from  the 
ace,  that 
the  least, 
the  three 
used,  as 
lave  been 
ring  the 
firm  the 
r  some  of 
by  drink- 
id  in  the 
And  no 
lo  cannot 
1  bo  quite 


as 

ply 


9  plausible  for  an  invalid  to  say  that  ho  could  not  ap- 
,ily  other  remodial  agents  in  tho  winter,  becanse  t'lo  re- 
lief was  not  as  prompt  and  efhciont  as  when  used  in 
the  summer.  The  cases  in  which  the  water  is  applica- 
blc,  are  the  same,  or  v*y  nearly  the  same,  in  the  winter 
as  in  the  summer. 

Constipation.— This  difficulty  arises  from  a  variety 
of  causes,  as  debility,  vitiated  or  deficient  secretions, 
sedentary  habits,  a  want  of  muscular  power  in  tho  in- 
testinal tube,  morbid  condition  of  the  brain,  chronic  in- 
flammation of  the  bowels,  irritation  of  the  abdominal 
nerves,  a  redundant  secretion  of  the  kidneys  or  the  skin, 
and  a  morbid  state  of  the  liver,  which  are  some  of  the 
more  common  causes  of  constipated  bowels.  One  other 
cause,  perhaps,  I  ought  to  mention  in  this  connection, 
viz.,  too  close  and  protracted  application  to  business. 
Constipations  from  the  above  causes,  are  to  be  met  with 
daily  during  tho  summer  seasons  at  Saratoga.  All  of 
which  are  happily  met  by  a  few  weeks'  use  of  Saratoga 
mineral  waters,  absence  of  cares,  and  change  of  air,  &c, 

Catiiartic.— Tho  mineral  waters  of  this  place  are 
among  the  most  pleasant,  efficient  and  appropriate  ca- 
thartic medicines  now  in  use.  Three  pints  of  the  water 
may  be  taken  fasting,  and  the  patient's  relish  for  his 
breakfast  will  be  increased.  The  effect  of  the  water 
after  the  meal  will  be  prompt,  full  and  complete.  And 
the  languor  which  so  uniformily  attends  the  operation 
of  ordinary  cathartics,  docs  not  follow  the  operation  of 
the  water.      The  carbonic  acid,  by  its  sedative  effects, 


00 


HAND-BOOK    OP    8ARATU0A. 


provonts"  thoso  gripinj^  piiins  which  so  uniformly  aocom- 
jKiny  the  operations  of  ordinary  incdicinoa  of  this  ohiss. 
Thoso  projxirtios  of  the  wiitor  rondor  it  ii  most  vultsublo 
remedy  in  debilitated  stomac-hs  und  bowels. 

m 

As  A  DiuRKTio,  their  action  is  equally  prompt  This 
effect  is  produced  by  taking  the  water  in  less  quantities. 
From  half  a  pint  to  a  pint,  taken  every  four  or  six  hours, 
is  a  i)roper  dose  for  this  purpose. 

As  A  DiAPiioRF.Tic  it  is  very  active  under  given  eiroum- 
stancos.  Half  pint  doses,  followed  by  either  a  warm  bath 
or  brisk  exercise,  will  produce  diaphoresis.  Thus  employ- 
ed, in  a  groat  variety  of  diseases  of  the  skin,  it  has  been 
attended  with  the  happiest  etleots.  The  acid  state  of 
the  system,  which  is  uniformily  present  in  scaly  and 
papulous  conditions  of  this  great  organ,  is  met  by  the 
water  better  than  by  any  other  prescription  which  I  have 
been  able  to  make.  It  removes  from  the  system  all  the 
acids  on  which  the  disease  depends,  and  allays  the  burn- 
ing, itching  and  irritation  which  result  from  the  morbid 
activity  of  the  skin  and  mucous  membrane. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

Bathing  means  the  immersion  of  the  body,  or  a  part 
of  it,  for  a  medicinal  purpose  in  a  medium  different 
from  that  which  commonly  surrounds  it.  The  medicine 
in  general  use  is  water  alone,  or  water  holding  medici- 
nal substances  in  solution.     One  of  the  most  important 


M 


things  in  a 

orally  betw 

not  bo  uso( 

nor  can  a  I 

with  a  prol 

For  the 

aturo,  Dr. 

bath,  rangi 

60°  to  75° 

bath,  from 

and  a  hut 

When  \ 

applied  to 

followed  1: 

is  contini 

the  tempe 

sensation 

derings  ot 

son  becoii 

No  glow  I 

shrunken. 

will  frcqi 

comes  sm 

oppressioi 

tions  are 

the  acoes 

will  havi 

less  time 

ties  reco 

passes  0 

creased  ( 


)ly  aocom- 
it  vttltsablt) 


Tipt  This 
quantities, 
r  six  hours, 


en  ciroum- 
warrn  bath 
lus  employ- 
it  has  been 
(id  state  of 

scaly  and 
net  by  the 
hich  I  have 
item  all  the 
fs  the  burn- 

tho  morbid 


y,  or  a  part 
im  different 
he  medicine 
ing  mcdici- 
it  important 


HAND-nOOK    OF    8ARAT00A. 


91 


thinsTs  in  a  bath  is  its  tninpr>ratnro.  This  rangfis  ^on- 
orally  botwceu  33 '  and  123  '  l<\ihr.nihoit.  A  bath  cm 
lint  bo  used  imioh  low.-,r  than  33  ',  lor  an  obvious  roi.soii, 
nor  can  a  hit,'hcr  temperature  than  133^  bo  employed 
with  a  probability  of  a  medicinal  effect 

For  the  purpose  of  practically  arranging  the  temper- 
aturo,  Dr.  ^^orbes  has  graduated  it  as  follow.s  :  A  cold 
bath,  rangiivT  fr.nn  33^  to  OO'^  Fahr.  ;  a  coof  bath,  from 
60°  to  75°  ;  a  temperate  bath,  from  75°  to  85°  ;  a  tepid 
bath,  from  85»  to  90^  ;  a  warm  bath,  from  92*  to  98*^  : 
and  a  hot  bath,  from  98*^  to  112^. 

When  water  of  a  low  temperature  w  for  a  moment 
applied  to  the  body,  a  shock   ensues.  But  this  is  soon 
followed  by  a  pleasant  reaction.     But  if  the  immersion 
is  continued  for  any  con.sidcrablo  length  of  time,  and 
the  temperature  of  the  surface  again  diminished,  then  a 
sensation  of  actual  cold,  permanent  tremors  and  shud- 
derings  ensue  ;  the  extremities  are  benumbed,  the  per- 
son becomes  languid,  exhausted,  and,  finally,  powerless. 
No  glow  succeeds  this  second  chill.     The  face  becomes 
shrunken,  the  extremities  diminish  in  size,  so  that  rings 
will  frc(iuently  fall  from  the  fingers.     The  pulse  be- 
comes  small,  and  less  frequent  than  natural,  a  feeling  of 
oppression  extends  across  the  chest,  and  the  renal  secre- 
tions are  increased.     If  a  person  leaves  the  bath  before 
the  accession  of  the  second  chill,  or  quite  soon  after,  he 
will  have  a  glow  in  ten  or  fifteen  minutes,  or  oven  xn 
less  time,  the  blood  returns  to  the  surface,  the  extremi- 
ties recover  their   size,  the  stricture  across  the  chest 
passes  off,  and  a  feeling  of  buoyancy  ensues,  with  in- 
creased  animal  strength. 


92 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


The  prominent  features  to  be  noticed  in  the  effects 
above  mentioned  are  the  shock  and  the  re-action.  The 
chill  may  be  so  considerable,  owing  to  a  previously  re- 
laxed state  of  the  system,  as  that  the  shock  may  result 
in  death.  The  fluids  of  the  body  recede  from  the  sur- 
face in  consequence  of  the  torpor  of  the  nervous  system, 
and  hence  the  shrinking  of  the  capillaries,  which  force 
the  blood  back  to  the  interior  of  the  body,  into  the  sub- 
stance  of  the  large  viscera,  as  the  lungs,  liver,  &c.  In 
the  re-actory  process,  the  overloaded  viscera  are  power- 
fully aroused  by  their  crowded  state,  and  the  muscles  of 
the  parts  are  sympathetically  excited,  as  well  as  the 
nervous  systenlf  increased  heat  follows  ;  and  the  fluids 
are  returned  to  the  surface,  and  the  deranged  functions 
are  restored  to  order. 

From  the  above  statement,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
effects  of  the  cold  bath  are  varied  by  many  circum- 
stances ;  particularly  greater  or  less  vigor,  or  high  or 
low  temperature  of  the  system  ;  hence  the  patient 
might  be  strengthened  or  weakened,  benefited  or  injured, 
by  it.  And  hence,  too,  the  different  opinions  of  physi- 
cians  on  the  subject.  One  will  call  it  a  sedative,  hij 
friend  will  call  it  a  stimulant,  while  another  calls  it  a 
tonic.  We  know  the  cold  is  sedative,  and  if  its  continu- 
ance is  sufficiently  protracted,  it  will  surely  end  in 
death.  But  when  the  cold  bath  is  used  in  a  proper 
time  and  manner,  it  acts  as  a  tonic  of  the  first  class. 

"When  the  shociv  is  the  only  object  of  the  bath,  the 
water  should  be  used  at  a  low  temperature,  applied 
with  force  and  suddenness,  and  for  a  short  space  of 
time.     The  patient  should  be  plunged  into  a  bath,  and 


* 


immediatch 
cases  where 
The  same  a 
acal  patieni 

Refrigei 
should  be  b 
but  in  cent 
duced.  In 
mation  of 
is  contra-ir 
will  be  atl 
idiopathic 
fever,  the 
sponge,  an 
of  the  bod 

Re-acti 

tion   to   t 

greater  re 

height  pr 

however  i 

a  great  h 

of  the  san 

certain  li 

at  which 

re-action 

ation.     I 

of  the  SI 

always  f( 

or  cold  63 


.,*•-■ 


HAND  BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


93 


le  effects 
on.  Tho 
iously  re- 
lay result 
1  the  sur- 
is  system, 
lich  force 
)  the  sub- 
,  &c.  In 
ire  power- 
nuscles  of 
3II  as  the 
the  fluids 
functions 

that  the 
y  cireum- 
)r  high  or 
le  patient 
3r  injured, 
1  of  physi- 
iative,  hij 
•  calls  it  a 
ts  continu- 
ly  end  in 
1  a  proper 
it  class. 

bath,  the 

re,  applied 

b  space  of 

bath,  and 


immediately  withdrawn.  Swooning  and  hysteria  are 
cases  where  the  shook  is  the  only  effect  to  bo  produced. 
The  same  application  might  be  made  in  cases  of  mani- 
acal  patients. 

Refrigeration.— To   obtain    this   result  the   water 
should  be  but  a  little  below  the  temperature  of  the  body, 
but  in  continual  contact  with  it  until  the  effect  is  pro- 
duced.     In  symptomatic  fever,  resulting  from  inflam- 
mation of  one  of  the  viscera,  this  form  of  application 
is  contra-indicated,  and  unless  used  with  great  caution 
will  be  attended  with  extreme  danger  ;  but  in  cases  of 
idiopathic  fever,  as  the  common,  continued,  or  typhus 
fever,  the  water   should   be    constantly  applied   by  a 
sponge,  and  at  a  temperature  but  little  below  the  heat 
of  the  body. 

Re-action,  all  other  things  being  equal,  is  in  proper- 
tion   to   tho   cold.     A   sudden   immersion   produces    a 
greater  re-action  than  a  gradual  one  ;  a  plunge  from  a 
height  produces  greater  re-action  than  a  simple  dip, 
however  rapidly  performed  ;  and  the  water  falling  from 
a  great  height  on  the  body,  has  more  effect  than  water 
of  the  same  temperature  applied  as  in  ablution.     Within 
certain  limits,  that  is,  within  any  period  short  of  that 
at  which  healthy  re-action  ceases,  the  amount  of  the 
re-action  will  be  proportioned  to  the  degree  of  refriger- 
ation.     The  re-action  will  be  in  proportion  to  the  heat 
of  the  surface  at  the  time  of  taking  the  bath,  allowing 
always  for  individual  peculiarities  of  habit.     Cool  skia 
or  cold  extremities  are  not  a  proper  condition  to  warrant 


m^ 


94 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


the  uso  of  the  cold  bath.  But  the  skin  should  he  warm, 
the  circulation  should  be  vigorous  in  the  extremities, 
before  entering  the  cold  bath.  Re-action  is  more  cer- 
tainly  produced  when  the  bath  is  accompanied  by  mus- 
cular action,  and  hence  a  person  swimming  obtains  a 
better  glow,  and  more  tonic  effect,  than  he  would  if  he 
were  simply  immersed  in  a  bath,  and  continued  in  a 
state  of  repose. 

Whatever  prevents  the  surface  of  the  body  from  fall- 
ing below  the  proper  degree  of  heat,  or  directly  stimu- 
lates the  skin,  or  excites  the  circulation,  will  propor- 
tionately increase  the  re-action.  To  insure  this  in- 
creased re-action  we  see  the  importance  of  speedily 
drying  the  body  afterward,  by  strong  and  vigorous  fric- 
tion, and  sometimes  it  may  be  necessary  to  use  warm 
and  stimulating  drinks,  or  active  bodily  exercise.  Un- 
less the  proper  amount  of  re-action  is  secured  the  bath 
may  be  followed  by  increased  coldness  of  the  surface, 
and  a  congestion  of  some  internal  organ. 

Plunge  Bath. — The  best  time  in  the  twenty-four 
hours  for  a  plunge  bath  is  on  rising,  when  the  system 
has  been  refreshed  by  a  night's  repose.  The  nutritive 
organs  have  then  been  active  in  invigorating  and  repair- 
ing  the  body,  and  as  there  is  more  recuperative  energy, 
the  re-acting  principle  will  be  the  more  perfect.  The 
next  best  time  is  about  three  or  four  hours  after  break-- 
fast.  And  in  case  the  mineral  water  is  to  be  drank, 
perhapnthis  hour  may  be  allowed  instead  of  the  early 
morning,  but  the  physical  exercise  should  be  very  light, 
and  if  the  skin  is  at  all  moist,  it  should  be  well  dried 


before  entei 

bath,  and  tl 

regulated  b 

chill,  as  abo 

medium  tin 

water  the  li 

the  bath  the 

with  a  dry 

until  a  thor 

glow  flushes 

applications 

selves.      Bi 

happy  resu] 

repeated  di 

effect  prod 

generally  a 

Shower 
producing  i 
of  water  is 
siderable. 
by  the  atm 
is  surround 
the  atmos] 
greater  thu 
and  pain  i 
to  the  plu 
applied  di 
extreme  pi 
hot  water, 
and  thus i 


VD-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


95 


be  warm, 
;remities, 
more  cer- 
by  mus- 
obtains  a 
luld  if  he 
luecl  in  a 

from  fall- 
;ly  stimu- 
li propor- 
I  this  in- 
f  speedily 
)rous  fric- 
use  warm 
;ise.  Un- 
1  the  bath 
e  surface, 


venty-four 
lie  system 
B  nutritive 
ind  repair, 
ve  energy, 
feet.  The 
fter  break-- 
be  drank, 
f  the  early 
very  light, 
I  well  dried 


before  enteruig  ihe  bath.     The  mmle  of  entering  the 
bath,  and  the  length  of  time  to  remain  in  it,  must  bo 
regulated  by  the  shock,  the  re-action,  and  the  second 
chill,  as  above  described.     From  five  to  ten  minutes  is  a 
medium  time  to  remain  in  the  bath,  and  while  in  the 
water  the  limbs  should  be  kept  in  motion.     On  leaving 
the  bath  the  body  should  be  dried  as  soon  as  possible 
with  a  dry  towel,  and  then  chafed  with  a  coarse  one, 
until  a  thorough  re-aotion  is  produced,  and  a  pleasant 
glow  flushes  the  whole  body.     If  a  headache  ensue,  cold 
applications  to  the  head  would  naturally  suggest  them- 
selves.     But   with   the  above-mentioned    precautions, 
happy  results  will  usually  follow.     These  baths  may  be 
repeated  daily,  or  every  second  day,  according  to  the 
efl'ect  produced  on  the  patient.     The  greatest  danger 
generally  arises  from  staying  too  long  in  the  bath. 

Shower  Bath.— This  bath  differs  from  the  plunge,  m 
producing  a  greater  shock,  particularly  if  the  quantity 
of  water  is  great,  its  temperature  low,  and  its  fall  coiw 
siderable.     In  a  shower  bath  the  person  is  surroundST 
by  the  atmosphere,  whereas,  in  a  plunge  bath,  the  body 
is  surrounded  by  a  menstruum  much  more  dense  than 
the  atmosphere ;  the  precordial  distress  will  hence  be 
greater  than  in  the  plunge  bath.      In  case  of  fulness, 
and  pain  about  the  head,  the  shower  bath  is  preferable 
to  the  plunge,  inasmuch  as  the  cold  and  the  shock  are 
applied  directly  and  at  first  to  the  head.      In  case  of 
extreme  pains  about  the  head,  the  feet  may  be  put  into 
hot  water,  while  the  cold  shower  falls  upon  the  head, 
and  thus  the  circulation  is  more  speedily  restored.     A 


./^ 


96 


HAND-BOOK   OP    SARATOGA. 


'^P 


common  bathing  tub,  with  a  fixture  for  a  shower  bath 
placed  over  it,  answers  a  good  purpose  for  this  kind  of 
both.  ,, 

Sponge  Baths  very  nearly  resemble  in  their  efTects 
the  shower  bath.  They  are  accompanied  by  a  less 
shock,  and  therefore  less  re-action.  The  daily  and  free 
application  of  the  water  to  the  head,  neck,  and  chest,  on 
rising,  is  one  of  the  simplest  and  surest  tonics  we  pos- 
sess,°and  is  the  best  means  of  hardening  the  system 
against  atmospheric  changes,  and  preventing  that  unfor- 
tunate habit  of  "  ahvays  taking  cold:'  This  class  of 
persons  should  be  particular  to  bathe  their  feet,  for  their 
extremities  are  most  of  the  time  wet  with  a  morbid 
perspiration.  ,         v 'v 

The  Douse  or  Douche,  is  a  small  stream  of  water 
directed  with  considerable  force  from  a  tube,  upon  some 
part  of  the  body.  This  bath  varies  in  effect,  according 
to  the  diameter  of  the  stream,  the  temperature  of  the 
iPater,  and  the  force  with  which  it  is  thrown  upon  the 
body.  This  is  an  agent  of  great  power,  owing  to  the 
incessant  and  rapid  change  of  the  particles  of  fluid  ap- 
plied  to  the  part  to  be  affected.  It  may  be  used  with 
great  advantage  in  local  inflammation. 


The  Hip  and  Foot  Baths  are  but  so  many  local 
baths.  The  former  is  employed  in  diseases  of  the  pel- 
vic viscera,  and  the  latter  to  the  lower  extremities. 

While  upon  the  subject,  it  might  be  well  to  name 
some  of  the  morbid  conditions  in  which  the  cold  bathing 


has  boon  foi 
is  generally 
infancy  and 
In  cases  of 
cold  bath,  c 
effects.  W 
is  a  great  tc 
exudation,  i 
And  again, 
by  a  oatarrl 
valuable,  as 
and  some  c 
fun  :  lulls,  a 
sis,  unaccoi 
cases  of  ner 
of  the  gasti 
intervals  of 

to  produce 

■■■<"*'  •■  ■ 

Tempera 
bath  on  the 
those  of  th 
cable  to  a  c 
the  cold  I 
those  who 
plication  of 
to  some  int 
the  heart,  c 
there  is  ser 
of  these  ini 


.,;Sfl:x.-#. 


liAwr-nooK  OP  Saratoga. 


97 


wer  bath 
IS  kind  of 


sir  effects 
by  a  less 
r  and  free 
I  chest,  on 
3S  we  pos- 
le  system 
hat  unfor- 
lis  class  of 
t,  for  their 
a  morbid 


1  of  water 
upon  some 

according 
lire  of  the 
1  upon  the 
iring  to  the 
if  fluid  ap- 

used  with 


nany  local 
of  the  pel- 
nilies. 
11  to  name 
old  bathing 


has  been  found  to  exert  a  thorough  medicinal  effect.  It 
is  generally  applicable  to  youth  and  middle  age.  In 
infancy  and  old  ago  it  must  be  used  with  great  caution. 
In  cases  of  general  debility,  as  in  strumous  habit,  the 
cold  bath,  carefully  applied,  is  followed  by  the  happiest 
effects.  When  the  skin  is  relaxed  and  flabby,  and  there 
is  a  great  tendency  to  perspiration,  or  to  a  cold  clammy 
exudation,  the  cold  saline  bath  is  especially  indicated. 
And  again,  when  this  state  of  the  skin  is  accompanif'  1 
by  a  catarrhal  disease,  the  tonic  cold  bath  is  especial) y 
valuable,  as  also  in  nervous  diseases,  as  chorea,  hysteria, 
and  some  cases  of  epilepsy ;  also  in  the  loss  of  certain 
fuii.  I  lulls,  as  the  voice,  smell,  taste,  &o.  ;  local  paraly- 
sis, unaccompanied  by  organic  disease  of  the  brain  ;  in 
cases  of  nervous  dyspepsia,  unattended  by  inflammation 
of  the  gastro-intestinal  mucous  membrane  ;  and  in  the 
intervals  of  asthma,  where  the  system  is  in  a  situation 

to  produce  the  re-action. 

*-■ 

Temperate  Bath  is  TS*^  to  85^.  The  effects  of  this 
bath  on  the  system  are  of  precisely  the  same  kind  as 
those  of  the  cold  bath,  but  less  in  degree.  It  is  appli- 
cable to  a  different  class  of  cases,  from  those  for  which 
the  cold  bath  should  be  used.  Persons  not  strong, 
those  who  have  an  instinctive  shrinking  from  the  ap- 
plication of  cold  water,  and  when  danger  might  result 
to  some  internal  organ,  as  in  cases  of  organic  diseases  of 
the  heart,  or  a  tendency  lo  internal  congestion,  or  when 
there  is  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous  system  ;  in  either 
of  these  instances  this  bath  is  to  be  substituted  for  tho 

5 


■m: 


88 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


cold      The  shook  and  the  re-action  are  intended  to  be 
the  same  thing  in  kind,  but  simply  ditlerent  in  degree. 

Warm  Bath.— The  immediate  effect  of  the  warm  bath 
5s  generally  the  opposite  of  tho  oold.     The  first  impres- 
sionof  the  warm  bath  is  grateful,  the  whole  nervous 
system  is  soothed,  and  a  gentle  languor  steals  over  the 
rnind.     Slight  pains,  spasms  and  irritations  are  remov- 
ed,  and  general  irritation  is  not  unfrequently  allayed 
in  baths  varying  from  92°  to  98o.     If  the  temperature 
of  the  bath  is  increased,  the  tranquillity  is  superseded 
by  excitement  and  pain.     If  the  heat  be  still  increased, 
the  feelings  are  painfully  excited,  and  the   temporary 
stimulus  is  followed  by  a  proportional  degree  of  ex- 
haustion.     The  warm  bath  influences  the  systeni  either 
by  elevating  the  temperature  of  the  whole  body  or  a 
part  of  it     If  the  temperature  of  the  parts  of  the  body 
which  come  in  contact  with  the  medium,  is  higher  than 
the  medium  itself,  the  body  makes  an  effort  tobrmg  the 
medium  to  its  own  temperature,  and  vice  versa       ihe 
ran-e  of  temperature  to  which  the  body  is  subject  is 
not°a  very  wide  one.     While  life  remains,  it  is  limited 
to  a  few  degrees.     In  a  bath  the  skin  exhales  and  ab- 
sorbs materials  from  the  bath  in  a  proportion  varied  by 
its  temperature.      At  50°  the  absorption  exceeds  the 
transudation  ;  from  50°  to  70°  the  two  effects  are  near- 
ly balanced;  but  from  70°  upward  the  transudation 
exceeds  the  absorption,  and  the  excess  progressively  in- 
creases with  the  temperature.      Warm  water  modifies 
the  texture  of  the  skin,  perhaps  in  part  by  absorption, 
and  partly  from  a  specific  action  on  the  animal  fibre. 


This  bat! 

the  volur 

of  the  flc 

walking, 

before  sa 

bath,  wh 

in  genera 

few  days 

diminisb 

vous  sysl 

superven 

bath  is  a 

After 

protracte 

by  late  I 

bath  is  j 

In  a  d 

nal  orgai 

applicab 

tern,   as 

charaote 

the  nerv 

vulsions 

affection 

suffer  fr 

mation. 

ous  fori 

gastralg 

the  uret 

pelvic  o! 

ure  redi 


.« 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 


09 


led  to  bo 
degree. 

arm  bath 
t  impres- 
I  nervous 
3  over  the 
■e  rp.mov- 
y  allayed 
nperature 
iperseded 
increased, 
temporary 
ee  of  ex- 
tem  either 
body  or  a 
f  the  body 
ligher  than 
o  bring  the 
rsa.      The 
subject  is 

is  limited 
53  and  ab- 
n  varied  by 
xceeds  the 
its  are  near- 
ransudation 
•ossively  in- 
er  modifies 

absorption, 
limal  fibre. 


This  bath  also  regulates  the  circulation,  and  increases 
the  volume  of  the  whole  person,  as  well  as  the  amount 
of  the  fluids  in  the  body.  After  long  fatigue,  as  hard 
walking,  riding,  or  any  severe  exercise,  the  body,  as 
before  said,  should  bo  left  to  cool,  before  going  into  the 
bath,  which  should  be  grateful  to  the  patient.  This  i:^ 
in  general  from  94°  to  96°.  After  the  fatigues  of  a 
few  days'  travel  the  skin  becomes  dry,  the  secretions  are 
diminished,  the  blood  is  irregularly  distributed,  the  ner- 
vous system  is  excited,  and  a  low  slow  fever  frequently 
supervenes.  Under^his  state  of  the  system  the  warm 
bath  is  an  appropriate  prescription. 

After  long  and  continued  mental  excitement,  as  in 
protracted  study,  or  of  the  disturbance  of  the  system 
by  late  hours,  crowded  rooms,  and  bad  air,  the  warm 
bath  is  just  the  restorative  required. 

In  a  dry  skin,  with  a  chronic  digestion  of  some  inter- 
nal organ,  the  bath  is  an  appropriate  remedy.  It  is  also 
applicable  to  a  more  generally  deranged  state  of  the  sys- 
tem, as  in  chronic  nervous  diseases  of  a  spasmodic 
character,  unattended  by  phthisis  or  inflammation  of 
the  nervous  centres.  Of  this  kind  are  croup  and  con- 
vulsions generally.  Also  in  the  treatment  of  nervous 
affections  which  occur  in  persons  of  spare  habit,  who 
suffer  from  pain  disproportioned  to  the  attending  inflam- 
mation. Of  this  kind  may  be  mentioned  the  numer- 
ous forms  of  neuralgia,  including  sciatica,  lumbago, 
gastralgia,  colic,  spasms  from  gall-stones,  calculi  in 
the  ureters,  &c.  In  inflammation  of  the  abdominal  and 
pelvic  organs,  when  the  inflammation  has  been  in  a  meas- 
ure reduced,  as  in  dysentery,  diarrhoea,  enteritis,  cysti- 


100 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


tis,  tho  bath  at  96°  or  97°  is  a  useful  rfimedy.  Care, 
in  these  instances,  must  be  taken  to  reduce  tho  inllam- 
inati.)n  at  first,  and  then  to  u:*o  tho  bath  not  above  97°, 
or  the  disease  will  be  aggravated  rather  than  diminished. 
The  bath  is  also  an  appropriate  remedy  in  diseases  of 
the  same  viscera  unattended  perhaps  by  pain,  but  yet 
of  a  very  annoying  character.  Such  are  those  cases  of 
gastrcentoritis  accompanied  by  dyspepsia,  constipation, 
also  chronic  irritation  or  inflammation  of  tho  bladder, 
kidneys,  leucorrhoja  and  the  like  diseases,  which  so 
frequently  occur  in  tho  pelvic  vis^a. 

In  no  cases  arc  these  baths  more  applicable,  or  attend- 
ed with  more  prompt  and  happy  results.     The  cases  of 
dyspepsia  which  come  under  this  class,  where  the  func- 
tions of  the  skin  are  deranged,  its  appearance  altered, 
and  attended  by  a  fixed  distress  or  pain  in  some    part 
of  the  digestive  organ,  the  bath  is  also  one  of  the  most 
important  remedies.     It  is  also  valuable  in  most  cases 
of  dyspepsia,    and   in   various   chronic   diseases   of  a 
cachectic  kind,  with  derangements  of  important  organs, 
a  depressed  state  of  the  blood,  with  an'.irregular  distribu- 
tion of  it,  as  in  cases  of  long  protracted  dyspepsia,  with 
constipation,  diabetes,  chlorosis,  and  gout.     In  this  last 
disease  the  bath  is  to  be  used  in  interims  between  the 
paroxysms,  and  not  duringlthe  acute  state  of  the  disease. 
In  diseases  of  the  skin,  either  idiopathic  or  sympto- 
matic, the  warm  bath  is  of  the  first  importance.     It  acts 
directly  on  the  part  diseased,  and  removes  the  morbid 
secretions  from  the  surface  which  are  liable  to  irritate 
the  organ,  and  to  be  re-absorbed. 

The  alkaline,  astringent,  and  alterative  medicines, 


m 


are  propei 
tient  shou 
sometimoi 
obtain  th( 
Tho  tei 
must  bo 
9:1°  is  m 
than  98° 

The  H 

lant  to  th 

soothe  or 

but  excii 

more  to  ( 

gans.     It 

the    care 

increases 

cerebral 

swollen  1 

this  engo 

congestic 

teaches 

The  gres 

by  a  pro 

is  contin 

creased  ( 

tude  an( 

Cases  fo: 

sudden  i 

scarlet  f 

retrocedt 

paralysis 


Caro, 
inllain- 
ivo  97°, 
ini»hed. 
eases  of 
but  yet 
cases  of 
jpation, 
bladder, 
hich  BO 

r  attend- 

cases  of 
he  func- 

altered, 
me  part 
;he  most 
ist  cases 
les  of  a 
t  organs, 
distribu- 
isia,  with 

this  last 
veen  the 
B  disease. 

sympto- 

It  acts 

B  morbid 

0  irritate 

ledicines, 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


101 


_L 


are  proper  in  these  baths.  In  medicated  baths  the  pa- 
tient should  remain  not  loss  than  thirty  minutes,  and 
sometimes  perhaps  for  two  or  three  hours,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  whole  effect  which  is  to  bo  desired. 

The  temperature  of  a  bath  reciuired  for  refreshment, 
must  bo  between  93^  and  OS"^  Fahr.  But  lower  than 
\).)°  is  not  often  agreeable  to  the  patient,  and  higher 
than  98°  produces  exhaustion  and  debility. 

The  Hot  Bath  is  a  powerful,  yet  temporary  stimu- 
lant to  the  nervous  and  vascular  systems.      It  docs  not 
soothe  or  promote  the  natural  actions  of   the  system, 
but  excites  them  irregularly  and  forcibly.      It   tends 
more  to  disturb  than  to  equalize  the  functions  of  the  or- 
gans.    It  violently  excites  the  heart  and  blood  vessels, 
the    carotids  swell  and  throb,   the  heat  of  the  head 
increases,  and   headache,  giddiness,   and   many  other 
cerebral  symptoms  ensue ;  the  skin  becomes  red  and 
swollen  by  the  great  afllux  of  blood  in  its  vessels.     But 
this  engorged  stato  of  the  skin  does  not  relieve  internal 
congestion,  as  we  might  be  led  to  expect,  for  experience 
teaches  that  contrary   results   more   generally  follow. 
The  great  tension  of  the  surface  is  after  a  time  relieved 
by  a  profuse  and  general  perspiration,  and  if  the  bath 
is  continued,  although  the  pulse  remain  quick,  the  in- 
creased excitement  is  speedily  followed  by  general  lassi- 
tude and  debility  ;  torpor  and  somnolency  supervene. 
Cases  for  its  use  are  spasmodic  cholera,  agues,  &o.     In 
sudden  recessions  of  diseases  of  the  skin,  as  in  measles, 
scarlet  fever,  impetigo,  and  many  others,  enteritis,  from 
retrocedent  gout,  and  in  indolent  diseases  of  the  skin  in 
paralysis,  where  there  is  no  congestion  of  the  brain  to 


'«' 


102 


HAND-BOOK    OF    8ARAT00A. 


contra  indicate  it,  its  use  has  been  beneficial.  But  it 
is  a  very  active  agent,  and,  lil«e  all.  other  decidedly  ac- 
tive agents,  must  bo  used  with  caution,  or  great  and 
irreparable  injuries  may  result. 

The  stimulating  effects  and  the  relaxing  consequences 
constitute  the  value  of  this  bath. 

Mineral  Water  Baths.— Without  entering  into  the 
question  of  the  active  absorptive  powers  of  the  skin, 
and  the  large  amount  of  medicine  which  may  bo  con- 
veyed into  the  system  by  this  great  and  important  or- 
gan, it  may  be  safely  said,  that  the  mineral  baths  have 
an  effect  very  different  from  simple  water.     A  mineral 
ll  bath  is  morn  tonic  than  one  of  ordinary  water.     The 
skin,  weakened  and  relaxed  by  debility,  exudes  rather 
than  perspires,  and  will  be  very  differently  affected  by  a 
fresh  and  a  mineral  bath.     The  latter  will  fulfill  all  the 
results  which  the  former  can  possibly  produce,  and  then 
have  in  addition  a  stimulant  and  tonic  effect.     It  will 
leave  the  capillaries  of  the  skin  more  constringed,  and 
the  tissues  of  the  whole  organ  more  firm  and  vigorous. 
In  extreme  cases  of  cutaneous  disease,  patients  have 
been  benefited  by  remaining  several  hours  at  a  time  in 
a  warm  bath,  with  repetition  at  short  intervals,  so  as  to 
be  under  its  influence  for  ten  or  twelve  hours  out  of  the 
twenty-four. 

From  great  indifference  to  the  subject  of  bathing,  the 
public  mind  has  within  a  few  years  been  turned  to  it 
strongly,  and  now  perhaps  there  may  be  as  much  dan- 
ger of  excess  as  heretofore  there  has  been  from  neglect. 
Extremes  in  all  things  are  to  be  deplored  and  guarded 
against. 


Potsdam 

the  fact  tl 

gula.     Thi 

mal  life  o 

the  ehang( 

the  format 

time.     Eq 

of  the  lini 

is  said  to  i 

which  in  ( 

now  in  pr 

This  rook 

about  tw( 

It  is  gray 

The  Ca 
formation 
tween  the 
is  the  low 
this  insta 
rock  also 
source  fro 
face  rook 
which  thi 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


103 


But  it 
lly  ao- 
it  and 

aenccs 


nto  the 
t  skin, 
c  con- 
int  or- 
is have 
Tiineral 
.     The 
rather 
cd  hy  a 
1  all  the 
id  then 
It  will 
ed,  and 
gorous. 
its  have 
time  in 
so  as  to 
it  of  the 

ing,  the 
;d  to  it 
ch  dan- 
neglect, 
guarded 


CHAPTER    VII. 

ROCK    AND    FOSSILS. 

Potsdam  SANDsroNn.— This  rock  is  interesting  from 
the  fact  that  it  contoins  the  earliest  fcsMl,  viz. :  the  Lm- 
gula.     This  fossil  carries  us  back  to  the  dawn   of  ani- 
mal life  on  the  earth,  for  it  hnshecn  present  through  all 
the  changes  which  the  earth's  crust  has  undergone  smce 
the  formation  of  the  Potsdam  sandstone  to  the  present 
time.     Each  group,  in  every  geological  era,  has  a  species 
of  the  lingula  entombed  in  its  rocks,  and  even  the  ocean 
is  said  to  contain  living  specimens  of  the  same  species, 
which  in  due  time  will  make  part  of  the  rock,  which  is 
now  in  process  of  formation  at  the  bottom  of  the  seas. 
This  rock  is  called  the  "  paleozoic  base,"  and  crops  out 
about  two  and  a  half  miles  northwest  from  the  village. 
It  is  gray,  or  brownish-colored  rook. 

The  Calciferous  Sand  Rock  is  the  next  geological 
formation  above  the  Potsdam  sandstone.  It  lies  be- 
twecn  the  last  named  rock  and  the  limestone.  This 
is  the  lowest  rock  which  contains  anthracite  coal.  In 
this  instance,  the  coal  is  associated  with  quartz.  This 
rock  also  contains  fucoides,  which  are  supposed  to  be  the 
source  from  which  the  coal  is  derived.*  This  is  the  sur- 
face rook  at  Saratoga  Springs,  and  is  the  one  through 
which  the  mineral  loater  rises.     The  upper  layer  of  this 

•  New-York  Qoological  Survey. 


104 


IIAND-DOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


a 


group,  or  that  stratum  which  lies  next  to  the  liinostono, 
is  hard;  having  a  largo  proportion  of  silex,  and  fre- 
quently contains  geodes  filled  with  crystals  of  quartz. 
This  rock  furnishes  but  few  fossils,  some  portions  none 
at  all. 

OoMTK. — This  formation  occurs  in  the  calciferous 
group,  and  lies  along  the  southern  extremities  of  the 
Palmertown  and  Kayndcrasseras  mountains.  The  cal- 
careous concretions  which  characterize  this  formation 
are  arranged  in  successive  layers  through  the  stratum  in 
which  they  appear.  They  are  about  the  size  of  mus- 
tard seed,  and  globular  in  form.  In  some  of  the  speci- 
mens of  Oolite,  those  globules  compose  one  half  of  the 
stone. 

Thk  Trenton  Limestonk  group  is  composed  of  slate 
and  limestone  alternating  with  each  other.  Some  of 
the  strata  contain  fossils  which  characterize  this  group, 
and  distinguish  it  from  others  higher  in  the  geological 
series.  This  rock  does  not  occur  east  of  Schenectady, 
in  the  Mohawk  Valley,  or  east  of  Baker's  Falls,  in  the 
Hudson  river  valley.  It  occurs  at  Glen's  Falls  and  at 
Rowland's  Mills,  two  miles  west  of  Saratoga  Springs. 
It  occupies  the  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  near  Amsterdam, 
thence  ranges  northward  into  Saratoga  county,  thence 
eastward  around  the  points  of  the  mountain,  and  .enters 
"Warren  county  at  Glen's  Falls,  and  Washington  coun- 
ty, near  Sandyhill.  The  strata  vary  in  thickness  from 
four  inches  to  two  feet.  This  rock  has  been  manufac- 
tured, and  some  of  the  varieties  make  very  fair  mar- 
ble.     Other  specimens  contain  cherts  and  hornstone, 


and  will  not 
bio,  quite  j 
south  side  o 
Fulls,  woul( 
lime  rocks, 
the  narrow  j 
through  wh 
have  a  perp 
feet. 

Utica    S 
argillaceous 
Falls,   Balh 
sometimes 
with  anthri 

So  highl; 
has  been  n 
have  been  r 

The  Hui 
southern  li 
bod  of  the 
hawk,  and 
back  from 
Porti./us  of 
hoes  Falls, 
Aqueduct i 
lake.*  Tl 
grits,  and 
wacke  sha 


HAND-BOOK    OF    f<\n\TOOA. 


105 


nostono, 
and  frc- 
■  quartz, 
•ns  none 


loiferous 
s  of  the 
The  cal- 
irmation 
ratum  in 
of  nius- 
iio  ppeci- 
If  of  tho 


of  slate 
Some  of 
is  group, 
eological 
neotady, 
9,  in  the 
s  and  at 
Springs. 
Rterdam, 
',  thence 
id  enters 
m  coun- 
css  from 
fianufac- 
air  mar- 
irnstone, 


and  will  not  rooeivn  a  polish.  Targe  blouki*  of  the  mar- 
bio,  quite  pure,  are  <|  arricd  at  "Ion's  Fulb,  on  the 
south  side  of  tho  river.  J'lic  Hudson  river,  at  Glen's 
Falls,  would  scorn  to  have  worn  a  pa.«isage  through  the 
lime  rocks,  seventy  feet  in  depth ;  and  in  some  parts  of 
tho  narrow  gorge,  between  Glen's  Falls  and  Baker's  Falls, 
through  which  the  river  (lows,  the  rooks  on  either  sido 
have  a  perpendicular  height  of  more  than  one  hundred 
feet. 

Utica  Sr.ATR. — This  group  consi-sts  of  dark-colored 
argillaceous  slate.  It  occurs  at  Baker's  Falls,  Cohoes 
Falls,  Ballston  Spa,  and  Saratoga  lake.  The  rock  is 
sometimes  black,  and  highly  carbonaceous,  and  glazed 
with  anthracite. 

So  highly  charged  is  this  slate  with  carbon,  that  it 
has  been  mistaken  for  coal,  and  attempts  (it  is  said), 
have  been  made  to  work  the  rock  for  that  purpose. 

The  Hudson  River  Slate  group  extends  from  the 
southern  line  of  the  county  of  Saratoga,  forming  the 
bod  of  the  Hudson  to  Baker's  Falls,  and  also  of  tho  Mo- 
hawk, and  forms  in  part,  the  elevated  table  lands  lying 
back  from  both  the  Mohawk  and  the  Hudson  rivers. 
Portions  of  this  group  are  singularly  contorted  at  the  Co- 
hoes Falls,  Visscher's  Ferry,  Alexander's  Bridge,  Upper 
Aqueduct  and  Hnake  Hill,  on  the  east  shore  of  Saratoga 
lake.*  The  rooks  of  this  group  are  slates,  shales  and 
grits,  and  have  been  called  Greywaeke  slate,  Grey- 
wacke  shale,  and  Greywacke.t 

*  see  Impreialon  oq  tha  cover  of  t!ili  book. 
t  New- York  Geological  Report. 

5* 


106 


HAND-BOOK   OP   SARATOGA. 


I 


Hudson  River  Group.— Those  rocks  are  found  at 
Snake  Hill,  on  the  east  shore  of  Saratoga  lake,  and  on 
the  Mohawk  at  the  lower  aqueduct. 

The  remaining  rocks  of  the  county  are  primary,  oc- 
cupying about  two  fifths  of  the  northwest  parts  of  it. 

FOSSILS. 

The  fossils  in  this  county  are  principally  found  at 
Ashley's  Quarry,  Baker's  Falls,  Ballston  Spa,  Galway, 
Glen's  Fallf,  Greenfield,  Sandy  Hill,  Snake  Hill,  and 
Water  ford. 

Ashley's  quarry. 

'  This  locality  is  situated  about  four  miles  west  of  the 
village  of  Saratoga  Springs,  and  on  the  road  leading  from 
the  village  to  Rowland's  Mills,  via  Cady  Hill. 

The  quarry  may  be  seen  a  few  rods  north  of  the 
point  where  the  highway  crosses  the  mill-pond  ;  and  a 
small  cluster  of  buildings  in  the  same  direction,  and 
near  by,  will  enable  a  strange-  even  to  identify  the 
locality.  The  quarry  has  been  considerably  worked  in 
times  past,  which  now  increases  the  facility  for  obtain- 
ing  fossil  specimens  at  this  place. 

The  following  specimens  were  obtained  during  the 
autumn  of  1858,  and  no  doubt  a  suitable  effort  will 
very  much  extend  this  list  of  such  fossil  specimens  as 
are  peculiar  to  Uie  "  Trenton  Limestone  Formation :" 


AsapbuB 
Atrypa  ac 
Atrypa  e: 
Atrypa  ii 
Atrypa  m 
Ati-ypa  p 

Buthotrc] 
Buthotrc] 
CapuluB  I 
Chsetetes 
Columnai 

Glyptocr 
Graptolit 
Groptolit 
Graptolit 

Heterocri 
Illeenus  ci 


These  fi 
miles  in  a 
toga  Sprir 
cality,  is  1 
Station,  an 

The  fos 
which  is  a 
composed 
well  presei 

On  the  < 
upturned  £ 
the  river,  a 
fossil  spec 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 


107 


and  at 
and  on 


ary,  oo- 
of  it. 


)und  at 
jralway, 
[ill,  and 


Asapbus  latimarginato, 
Atrypa  aoutiroatra, 
Atrypa  extans, 
Atrypa  iucrebescenB, 
Atrypa  modeata, 
Atrypa  plena. 

Buthotrephis  flexuosa, 
Buthotrephis  sucoulcns, 
CapuluB  anriforinis, 
Chsetetes  Lyooperdon, 
Coluranaria  alveolata. 

Glyptocrinus  decadactylus, 
Graptolitbus'raraosiis, 
Graptolitbus  Bcalaris, 
Qraptolithus  Sagittarius. 

Heterocrinus  decadactalus, 
lUtenus  orassioanda, 


Lepttena  altemata, 
Lcptwna  fasciata, 
Lepttena  sericca. 

Ortlioceras  anelluin, 
Orthoceras  junccum, 
Orthoccras  laqueatum. 

PatophyouB  rugosus, 
Plcurotomaria  turgida, 
Poterioorinus  altematus. 

Retepora  incepta, 
Ketepora  gracilis. 

Schizocrinus  nodosus, 
Scyphocrinus  bcterooostalis, 
Stictopora  acuta, 
Stictopora  fenestrata. 


st  of  the 
ling  from 


L  of  the 
1  ;  and  a 
ion,  and 
itify  the 
orked  in 
r  obtain- 


iring  the 
sffort  will 
imens  as 
ition :" 


bakee's  falls. 

These  falls  are  in  the  Hudson  river,  about  twenty 
miles  in  a  northeast  direction  from  the  village  of  Sara- 
toga  Springs.  The  more  feasible  way  to  reach  the  lo- 
cality, is  by  railroad  from  Saratoga  Springs  to  Moreau 
Station,  and  thence  by  stage  to  the  Falls. 

The  fossils  occur  in  a  stratum  of  the  Utica  slate 
which  is  about  thirty  feet  in  thickness,  and  is  literally 
composed  of  fossil  impressions,  which  are  remarkably 

well  preserved. 

On  the  east  bank  of  the  stream  the  rocks  are  more 
upturned  and  displaced  than  upon  the  opposite  bank  of 
the  river,  and  it  is  therefore  the  better  place  to  collect  the 
fossil  specimens  of  this  locality  ;  besides,  the  rocks  on 


^^^ 


f 


108 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


the  opposite  bank  are  more  horizontal,  and  unless  the 
water  is  very  low,  are  generally  covered. 

Among  the  fossils  to  be  obtained  at  this  locality  are 
the 


Grnptolithus  sccnlinus, 


GrnptolitUus  pristia, 


BALLSTON    SPA. 

The  fossils  of  this  locality  are  to  be  found  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Ballston,  about  seven  miles  in  a  southwest  direc- 
tion from  the  village  of  Saratoga  Springs.  The  rocks 
which  contain  them  is  the  Utica  slate,  and  forms  the 
bed  of  a  small  stream  near  the  residence  of  Mr.  Taylor. 

The  fossils  are  the 


Gmptolitbus  bioornis, 
Graptolithus  pristis, 


Grnptolithus  ramosut, 
Graptolithus  s«rratuluB. 


GALWAY. 

This  locality  is  situated  about  two  miles  east  of  Gal- 
way  Corners,  and  near  a  lime  kiln. 

The  rock  is  the  Trenton  limestone,  and  the  cast  of 
the  fossils  are  better  preserved  than  those  of  the  same 
class  at  Grlen's  Falls.  The  distance  of  the  locaUty  from 
Saratoga  Springs  is  about  fourteen  miles,  and  the  route 
lies  along  a  beautifully  varied  country  of  sandy  plains, 
and  high,  rolling  table- lands. 

The  fossils  are  the 


Atrypa  ocutirostra, 
Atrypn  extuns, 
Atrypa  incrobcscens, 
Atrypa  inodcsta, 
Atrypa  plena, 
Bcllerophon  bilobatus, 


Buthotrcphis  (Icxuosa, 
Butliotrepbis  succulcns, 
Capulus  auriformis, 
Chretctos  lycoperdon, 
Columnaria  alveolata, 


Glyptoorim; 
Grnptolithii 
Grnptolitbii 
Graptolithu 

Ilctcrocrim 
Illfcnus  era 

Lcptrcna  nl 
Leptrena  fa 
Leptiena  st 

OrthocernE 


This  loc£ 
direction  frc 
up  the  stre 
rying  has  b 
posed  the  fos 
but  at  the 
limited  to  t 
river,  and  a 
And  the  f< 
crystalline 
destroyed  i 

The  foil 
cality : 

Atrypa  a 
Atrypa  « 
Atrypa  ii 
Atrypa  i 

Buthotr 


m 


-W^'- 


m 


the  vil- 
3t  direo- 
le  rooks 
rms  the 

Taylor. 


b  of  Gal- 

e  cast  of 
he  same 
.lity  from 
the  route 
y  plains, 


)sa, 
ens, 

n, 
ta, 


HAND-BOOK   OP    SARATOGA.  lOJ 

Orthoccras  Inqucatum. 


Glyptoorinns  dccadactylus 
Grnptolithus  ramosus, 
Graptolithus  scalaris, 
Graptolithus  Sagittarius, 

Ilctcrocrinus  hetcrodactj-lus. 
Illtcnus  crassicanda. 

Lcptrcna  altcrnata, 
Leptrona  fasciata, 
Leptiena  scrica. 

Orthoccras  junceunii 


Palfcophyciis  nigosus, 
rieurotoraaria  ambigua.' 

Rete  pora  incepta, 
Retcpora  gracilis. 

Schizocrimis  nodosiis, 
ScyphocrimiB  hetcrocostalis, 
Stictopora  acuta, 
Stictopora  fenestrata. 


GLEN  S   FALLS. 

This  locality  is  about  twenty  miles  in  a  northeast 
direction  from  Saratoga  Springs,  and  about  four  miles 
up  the  stream  from  Baker's  Falls.  Extensive  quar- 
rying  has  been  done  heretofore  at  this  place,  which  ex- 
posed the  fossils  peculiar  to  this  locality  in  great  numbers ; 
but  at  the  present  time  the  Poleontologist  is  mainly 
limited  to  the  small  blocks  to  be  found  in  the  bed  of  the 
river,  and  are  only  to  be  obtained  at  times  of  low  water. 
And  the  fossils  in  some  of  these  blocks  are  so  highly 
crystalline  that  the  nice  striae  of  the  shells  are  often 
destroyed  in  splitting  the  stones. 

The  following  specimens  are  to  be  found  at  this  lo- 
cality : 


Atrypa  acutirostra, 
Atrypa  extans, 
Atrypa  increbescens, 
Atrypa  modesta, 

Buthotrephis  flexuosa, 


Buthotrcphis  succulens, 
Bellerophon  bilobntus, 
Coluranaria  alveolaui, 
Calymene  senaria, 
Delthyrus  lynx, 
Escharopora  recta, 


110 


HAND-BOOK   OP   SARATOGA. 


Leptona  alternatn, 
Lcptoina  serioen. 

Palwopliycus  simplex, 


Poteriocrinus  sltcrnAta. 
Stictopora  acuta. 
Trinuclius  conoentricus. 


«.  GREENFIELD. 

This  locality  lies  about  four  miles  northwest  of  the 
village  of  Saratoga  Springs,  and  one  mile  north  of  Mil- 
ler Hoyt's  lime-kiln,  and  on  the  east  side  of  the  high- 
way leading  from  Greenfield  Centre  to  the  village  of 
Ballston  Spa,  via  Rowland's  Mills. 


Oolite. 


SANDY   HILL. 


This  locality  lies  between  Baker's  Falls  and  Glen's 
Falls,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson  river,  and  a  few 
rods  below  the  ferry.  This  locality  can  only  be  exam- 
ined when  the  water  is  low  in  the  river. 

The  fossils  are  the 


Nultaiuia  concentrica, 
Neirthus  becii, 


GraptolithuB  dentatus. 


SARATOGA    SPRINGS. 

In  the  Railroad  Cut  in  the  village  of  Saratoga  Springs 
was  found  the 

Euomplialus  uniangulatus,  Pleurotomaria  turgida. 

SNAKE    HILL. 

This  hill  is  situated  on  the  east  shore  of  Saratoga 
Lake,  and  is  plainly  to  be  seen  from  the  <'  Lake  House ;" 


indeed,  it  is 
ern  shore. 
The  fossils 

lletcrocrinui 
Olenus  undi 


This  local  i 
and  has  the  i 

Ambonychii 
Bcllerophoi 
Cleidoplior 
Carinaropsi 
Cfti'inaropai 

Magnetic 
this  county  i 
A  large  bod; 
of  the  confli 
about  two 
Ten  or  fifte< 
five  to  eigl 
opened,  it  " 
descended  ii 
ore  is  said 
superior  ev( 
and  yields 

Chrysobi 
toga  Spring 
It  occurs  ii 
associated 
and  mioa. 


HAND-BOOK   OF    SARATOGA. 


HI 


st  of  the 
1  of  Mil- 
he  high- 
allage  of 


d  Glen's 
nd  a  few 
be  exam- 


ntatus. 


a.  Springs 


da. 


Saratoga 
House ;" 


indeed,  it  is  the  most  prominent  feature  of  the  east- 

ern  shore. 

The  fossils  of  this  locality  are  the 

Ileterocrinus  groBcilis,  Graptolitbus  bicornis. 

Olcnus  unduloBtriatus,  GraptohthuB  pnstiB. 

waterford. 
This  locality  is  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county, 
and  has  the  following  list  of  fossil  specimens  : 

Ambonychiaradiata,  LyrodeBma  pulchclla, 

Bollerophon  cancellatuB,  ModiolopB.B  nucuhform.8, 

CleidophoruB  planulatuB,  Murcbisonin  graciliB, 

CarinaropBiB  patelliformiB,  Theca  triangularia, 

CariuaropBis  orbiculatuB,  Trinucleus  conoentnous. 

Magnetic  Iron  Ore  occurs  in  the  primary  rooks  of 
this  county  as  an  injected  mass,  or  as  an  intrusive  rock. 
A  large  body  of  this  ore  exists  in  the  mountam  south 
of  the  confluence  of  Sacondaga  with  the  Hudson ;  and 
about  two  miles  south  of  Hadley  or  Rockwell  falls. 
Ten  or  fifteen  veins  have  been  described,  and  one  from 
five  to  eight  feet  wide.  When  the  Porter  vem  was 
opened,  it  was  found  to  increase  in  width  as  they 
descended  into  the  rock,  and  with  less  of  feldspar  The 
ore  is  said  to  make  very  soft,  strong  iron,  and  to  be 
superior  even  to  the  Arnold  bed.  The  ore  is  quartzy, 
and  yields  from  thirty  to  fifty  per  cent,  of  iron. 

Chrysoberyl  is  found  about  two  miles  north  of  Sara- 
toga  Springs,  and  on  the  farm  of  the  late  John  Miller. 
It  occurs  in  a  vein  of  granite  traversing  gems,  and  is 
associated  with  tourmaline,  garnet,  apatite  feldspar 
and  mica.     Its  color  is  yellowish  green.    This  is  the 


% 


0' 


112 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


only  locality  in  the  State  which  furnishes  the  ohryso- 
beryl. 

Clay  Balls  are  found  about  the  shores  of  Saratoga 
lake.  These  balls  are  supposed  to  form  around  the  roots 
of  plants,  as  they  generally  have  a  perforation  in  which 
the  root  of  the  plant  has  been  found.  It  is  supposed 
the  root  absorbs  the  water  and  the  carbonic  acid  from 
the  clay,  and  rejects  the  carbonate  of  lime,  which  had 
been  previously  held  in  solution  by  the  water  and  the 
carbonic  acid.  And  thus  accumulates  around  the  root 
of  the  plant,  which  with  the  clay  becomes  after  a  time 
an  indurated  egg-shaped  ball. 

A  Boulder  is  a  rounded  mass  of  rock,  of  no  deter- 
minate size,  displaced,  and  apparently  transported, 
by  water.  These  rocks  are  supposed  to  have  been 
brought  to  their  present  shape  by  attrition,  together 
with  atmospheric  influences.  Those  which  are  found 
in  the  valley  of  the  Hudson,  are  generally  thought  to 
have  been  brought  from  the  primitive  rocks,  which  form 
the  mountain  ranges  in  northern  New-York.  In  this 
county  we  find  these  stones  in  a  great  variety  of  forms 
and  sizes,  many  of  them  weighing  many  tons.  The 
towns  of  Hadley,  Corinth,  Greenfield,  Galway,  and 
Ballston,  are  among  those  which  furnish  the  largest 
specimens. 

Marl. — Fresh  water  marl  is  formed  by  the  decay  of 
successive  generations  of  shells,  in  the  bottom  of  fresh 
water  lakes  and  ponds.     When,  from  any  cause,  these 


places  are  rai 
alion  of  seed 
decay  of  veg 
posit  of  peat, 
lying  the  ma 
ally  in  this 
about  the  oul 
Irish,  which 
marked  succ( 
to  the  agricu 
it  than  they 
the  chemicals 
soluble,  and 

There  is  a: 
Brisbin,  in  th 
little  used  as 
dedly  bcncfici 
suspected  by 
soils,  which  ) 
But  the  prob 
to  that  part  c 
for  the  wate 
rooks,  at  lasl 
cient  lime  w 
shells. 

Soil  is  cor 
in  comparati 
ctable  matte 

The  mine 
substances  ' 
the  mineral 
The  rocks  a 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


113 


>  ohryso- 


Saratoga 

the  roots 

in  which 

supposed 

cid  from 

rhich  had 

and  the 

the  root 

er  a  time 


no  deter- 
insported, 
ave  been 
together 
are  found 
hought  to 
hich  form 
.  In  this 
T  of  forms 
ms.  Tiie 
way,  and 
le  largest 


e  decay  of 
XI  of  fresh 
luse,  these 


places  are  raised  to  a  level  compatible  with  the  germin- 
ation of  seed,  there  follows  a  succession  of  growth  and 
decay  of  vegetable  matter,  wliich  may  result  in  a  do- 
posit  of  peat,  and  hence  it  is  not  unusually  found  over- 
lying the  marl.     Marl  has  not  been  found  very  gener- 
ally in  this  country.     There  is  a  bed  of  it,  however, 
about  the  outlet  of  Ballston  Lake,  on  the  farm  of  Mr. 
Irish,  which  has  been  used  as  a  fertilizer,  and  with 
marked  success.     It  would  undoubtedly  prove  profitable 
to  the  agriculturist,  if  farmers  would  use  much  more  of 
it  than  they  now  do,  for  the  action  of  the  elements  on 
the  chemicals  generally  present  in  soils,  renders  the  lime 
soluble,  and  it  is  actually  carried  away. 

There  is  another  bed  of  marl  on  the  farm  of  Dr.  Oliver 
Brisbin,  in  the  town  of  Saratoga.  This  bed  has  been  but 
little  used  as  yet,  but  wherever  it  has  been  applied,  deci- 
dedly beneficial  effects  have  followed  its  use.  It  has  been 
suspected  by  geologists,  that  it  may  underlie  the  sandy 
soils,  which  prevail  to  so  large  an  extent  in  this  county. 
But  the  probability  is,  that  beds  of  marl  will  be  confined 
to  that  part  of  the  county  adjacent  to  the  Hudson  River  ; 
for  the  water  of  this  region,  flowing  over  the  limestone 
rooks,  at  last  finds  its  way  into  the  lakes,  otherwise  suffi- 
cient  lime  would  not  be  supplied  to  produce  a  deposite  of 

shells. 

Soil  is  composed  of  various  mineral  substances,  united 
in  comparatively  small  proportions  with  animal  and  veg- 
etable matter. 

The  mineral  parts  of  soil  are  >  omposod  of  the  same 
substances  which  constitute  the  mountain  rocks,  and 
the  mineral  masses  which  form  the  crust  of  the  earth. 
The  rooks  are  broken  down  by  degrees,  and  then  acted 


'W 


^ 


114 


HAND-BOOK    OP    SARATOGA. 


1-^ 


% 


xipon  by  Qir  and  water,  by  which  process  they  become 
well  adapted  to  the  reception  and  vegetation  of  seed 
generally.  The  varieties  of  rocks  and  mineral  masses 
which  exist  on  the  earth,  and  compose  its  surface,  are 
comparatively  small,  and  may  be  comprised  in  the  fol- 
lowing  list,  viz. :  Silica,  alumina,  magnesia,  soda,  and 
potassa,  and  oxyde  of  iron. 

With  the  predominance  of  either  of  the  above  sub- 
stances  in  a  given  locality,  the  soil,  of  course,  as  well  as 
the  character  of  the  vegetables,  correspondingly  vanes. 

SiLicious  Soil,  or  that  composed  principally  of  silex, 
is  very  widely  spread  over  the  earth's  crust.  It  is  found 
in  quartz,  and  of  course  enters  largely  into  the  composi- 
tion of  granite,  and  the  various  silicates,  as  serpentine, 
tumalite,  diallage,  and  hornblende ;  and  when  we  exam- 
ine the  rocks  which  compose  the  mountains  to  the  north 
and  wee  of  the  county,  and  consider  the  very  large 
proportion  of  silex  which  enters  into  their  composition, 
we  are  at  no  loss  to  account  for  the  origin  of  the  sandy 
plains  which  there  prevail  so  extensively. 

Where  this  sand  occurs  in  coarse  grains  it  is  much 
less  productive  as  a  soil,  than  when  more  comminuted  ; 
and  the  less  or  greater  degree  of  trituration  which  the 
particles  have  undergone,  will  determine  the  different 
degrees  of  productiveness  which  characterize  adjacent 

sections. 

Soils,  apparently  the  same,  also  materially  differ  in 
their  degree  of  productiveness,  in  consequence  of  the 
differing  amounts  of  vegetable  matter  contained  in 
them,  and  are  rendered  still  less  fertile  if  they  occupy 
elevated  land,  where  water,  at  a  low  temperature,  satu- 


rates the  surfac 

tnrnge  is  poor, 

jother  cases,  wh 

so  as  to  produci 

oped.      This  s 

Springs,  Wiltoi 

Moreau  and  N 

portion  of  Eas 

fifteen  out  of  t 

Ai-UMiNous  i 

dant,  the  bas( 

the  breaking 

jln  combinatioi 

all  the  rocks 

Islate  rocks  ci 

springs,  in  a 

From  this  poir 

Miller,  on  the 

sand  plains  o 

Clifton  Park  1 

When  alum 

wet  farms,  bii 

is  formed  ;    ' 

amount  of  v( 

farming  lands 

in  some  form 

Iresult. 

This  is  the 

*  A  belt  of  sand  i 
IValley  ofthoNile) 
Idiatance  nearly  equ 
Imated  to  contain  ai 


HAND-BOOK   OP    SARATOOA. 


115 


y  bcoomo 
)n  of  seed 
al  masses 
jrface,  are 
n  tho  fol- 
soda,  and 

ibove  sub- 
as  well  as 
;ly  varies. 

ly  of  silex, 
It  is  found 
le  composi- 
serpentine, 
1  we  exam- 

0  tbe  north 
very  large 

omposition, 
:  the  sandy 

1  it  is  much 
mminuted ; 
1  which  the 
lie  different 
ze  adjacent 

ily  differ  in 
ence  of  the 
ontained  in 
hey  occupy 
ature,  satu- 


rates tho  surface.  In  localities  of  this  description  pas- 
tnmge  is  poor,  and  plowed  lands  arc  unavailable.  In 
other  cases,  where  clay  exists  in  combination  with  sand 
Jso  as  to  produce  a  sand  loam,  very  fair  farms  arc  devel- 
oped This  soil  prevails  in  the  town  of  Saratoga 
Springs,  Wilton,  Corinth,  Hadley,  and  the  west  part  of 
Moreau  and  Northumberland.  It  occupies  a  large  pro- 
portion  of  Eastern  New-York,  and  prevails  generally  m 
fifteen  out  of  twenty  counties  of  tho  State.* 

Ai-UMiNous  is  the  next  variety  of  soil  most  abun- 
dant,  the  base  of  which  is  alumina.  It  is  found  by 
the  breaking  down  of  greywacke  slates,  and  shales. 
In  combination  with  silex,  it  forms  a  large  proportion  of 
all  the  rocks  and  mineral  masses  on  the  earth.  The 
islate  rocks  crop  out  at  two  miles' distance  from  the 
Lprings,  in  a  southerly  direction,  on  the  ElUs  Farm. 
From  this  point  they  run  in  a  northeast  direction  to  Fort 
Miller,  on  the  Hudson,  and  may  be  seen  skirting  the 
sand  plains  on  their  eastc.n  border,  from  the  town  of 
Clifton  Park  to  Moreau. 

When  alumina  is  in  excess,  in  soils,  it  makes  cold  and 
wet  farms,  but  when  combined  with  silex  the  clay  loam 
is  formed;  this,  with  the  addition  of  an  ordmavy 
amount  of  vegetable  and  animal  matter,  gives  good 
farming  lands  ;  and  when  to  this  is  added  marl,  or  lime 
in  some  form,  farming  land  of  tho  best  quality  is  the 

Iresult.  ,11       e 

This  is  the  composition  of  the  soil  along  the  banks  ot 

,  .  A  belt  of  sand  nine  hundred  „.ile,  .ide,  extend,  (with  "•^""Pt;;"  '>';»'« 
Ivalley  of  tho  Nile)  from  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa  near  the  Chinese  ffont.cr  a 
IHnce  nearly  equal  in  eircu.nforence  of  the  globe.  This  sandy  zone  ha.  b,en  est- 
imated to  contain  over  six  millioni  of  square  milei. 


i 


116 


HAND-BOOK   OP    SARATOGA. 


f 


tho  Hudson  and  Moha-vk  rivers,  also  about  the  Saratoga 
and  Ballston  lakes,  and  tho  creeks  in  tho  southeast  port 
of  tho  county.  This  soil  is  of  considerable  depth,  and 
very  productive,  yielding  grass  and  all  the  cereals  in 
abundance  ;  and  I  am  told,  in  districts  of  this  (  haracter, 
strangers,  passing  by,  mistaking  pastures  for  meadows, 
in  the  goodness  of  their  hearts,  not  unfrequently  call  at 
the  farm-houses,  and  inform  tho  occupants  that  their 
cows  or  their  horses  are  in  their  meadows. 

The  Calcareous  Soils,  or  those  in  which  lime  pre- 
dominates,  are  the  result  of  Oa  breaking  down  of  tho 
different  forms  of  carbonate  o^  lime,  which  exist  so 
abundantly  through  the  world 

The  Magnesian  Soil  is  that  in  which  magnesia  exists, 
variously  combined.  This  and  the  soils  just  before 
named,  prevail  in  Western  New- York,  and  with  the  ad- 
dition  of  gypsum,  large  quantities  of  vegetable  and  ani- 
mal matter  coriHned,  make  up  the  rich  lands  of  that 
fertile  region. 

Ferruginous  Soils  are  those  in  which  the  oxydes  of 
iron  prevail.  •  "^ 

vegetable  productions. 

To  the  botanist  this  whole  county  is  full  of  interest ; 
indeed,  it  may  perhaps  with  truth  be  asserted,  that 
every  flowering  plant  in  the  country  to  be  found  in  the 
latitude  of  this  county,  has  its  representative  within 
its  limits. 


Tho  climate 
faoo,  is  unusu 
the  thormomot 
lioat  and  cold  ( 
as  in  moistor  a 
the  nature  and 
county,  it  migl 
ent  variety  wc 
This  is  obsor' 
plants. 

In  the  east 
apples,  and  a 
but  now,  the 
rich  as  former 

Cherries. — 


Pears  suc< 
[variety.  In  \ 
strawberries,  i 
ries,  are  indig 
Icultivation. 

Several  var 
improved  by 
[sandy  portion 
loaks,  butterni 
aspens,  black 
|are  plenty  in 
The  centra 
for  the  numl 
The  species  o 


IlAND-noOK    OF    SAUATOOA. 


117 


le  Saratoga 
ithcast  port 
depth,  and 

cereals  in 
J  character, 
r  meadows, 
ntly  call  at 

that  their 


L  lime  pre- 
own  of  the 
ih   exist  so 


[lesia  exists, 
just  before 
vith  the  ad- 
bio  and  ani- 
nds  of  that 


e  oxydes  of 


of  interest  ; 
serted,  that 
[bund  in  the 
itive  within 


The  climate,  from  tho  niituro  and  shape  of  the  sur- 
face, is  unusually  dry,  and  consequently  tho  range  of 
the  thormoinotcr  is  very  groat;  yet,  tho  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold  do  not  aflect  tho  surface  nearly  so  much 
as  in  moistor  atmospheres.  From  an  acquaintance  with 
the  nature  and  variety  of  the  soil  which  prevails  in  tho 
county,  it  might  be  readily  inferred,  that  a  correspond- 
ent variety  would  he  found  in  its  vegetable  products. 
This  is  observablo  in  tho  forest  timber  and   smaller 

plants. 

In  the  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  tho  county, 
apples,  and  a  variety  of  poaches,  have  once  abounded  ; 
but  now,  the  varieties  are  few,  and  the  fruit  is  not  so 
rich  as  formerly. 

Cherries. — Every  variety  succeeds  well. 

Pears  succeed  remarkably  well,  in  nearly  every 
[variety.  In  the  central  portions,  tho  small  fruits,,  as 
strawberries,  raspberries,  whortleberries,  and  blackber- 
lies,  are  indigenous  and  abundant,  and  will  bear  high 
Icultivation. 

Several  varieties  of  wild  grapes  cultivated,  are  highly 
improved  by  the  process.  They  are  abundant  in  the 
sandy  portion  of  the  ^Bounty.  Maples,  hickories,  elms, 
joaks,  butternuts,  chestnuts,  beeches,  birches,  basswoods, 
aspens,  black  and  white  ash,-black  cherry,  crab  apple, 
are  plenty  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county. 

The  central  portion  has  been,  and  is  now  remarkable 
[for  the  number,  beauty,  and  variety  of  its  evergreens. 
The  species  of  these  most  common,  are  white  and  yeU 


'"» 


118 


IIAND-DOOK    OF    «ARATCOA. 


.'1 


low  pinos,  yellow,  white,  ami  rod  oodar,  double  spruce 
balsam,  and  hcmlook.     These  sand  plains  on  the  con 
tral  part  of  the  flat,  were   once  covered  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  these  fine  trees ;  but  the  hand  of  improve 
mcnt,  so  called,  has  swept  them  recklessly  awi.y,  and 
unless  some  care  is  taken,  it  may  be  that  before  very 
long,  our  btiautiful  groves  will  all  disappear,  and  the 
charms  of  our  winter  landscapes  will  all  be  gone, 
is  not  very  lon^'  since,  when  expostulating  with  a  land- 
holder  for  cutting  away  every  trace  of  evergroon  within 
view  of  his  residence,  we  roouived  the  cool  reply,  that 
they  were  "  nolhin,!^  but  pines."     And  so  those  stately 
trees,  old  tenants  of  the  forest,  which  had  weathered 
the  storm  and  glinted  the  sunshine,  and  braced  them- 
selves against  the  winds  of  centuries,  were  foiled  and 
riven  by  the  axe  of   the   woodman  without  a  single 
thought  of  regret,  or  a  single  sentiment  of  remorse. 

Grasses.— Ihofio  parts  of  the  county  lying  along  the 
banks  of  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  rivers,  the  Kayader- 
asseras  Creek,  and  the  shores  of  the  lakes,  are  well 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  grasses. 

Timothy  is  one  of  the  most  important  grasses  for 
fodder,  and  is  abundantly  produced  in  the  above  men 
tioned  parts  of  the  county.  • 

Clover  grows  luxuriantly  in  most  parts  of  the  coun 
ty.  The  red  is  much  U3«d  to  redeem  farms  which  have 
been  too  much  worn  by  want  of  a  proper  rotation  of 
crops.  The  white  clover  is  indigenous,  and  is  found  in 
every  part  of  the  county.  The  fox  tail  (Alopeicearus 
practensis),  and  red  top,  are  the  most  cultivated  for  hay 
in  this  county. 


Grains. — 
the  county, 
rro  well  ails 
This  giain 
makes  a  vei 
rietios,  the  \ 
county. 

Wlieat.— 

the  county 

been  so  muc 

sown.     The 

the  insects  i 

BO  good  for 

present  tim( 

depend  upc 

Oats  are 

be  said  to  I 

used  as  feci 

Maize  is 

county.     ^ 

stitutes  qui 

productive 

Pfltato.- 
and  soil  ol 
vated  alon 
ber  of  busl 
city.  The 
all  classes 
ant  crops  < 
Buckvoh 


IIAND-noOK    OP    BAHATOOA. 


119 


ublo  spruce 
1  oil  tho  oon 
ith  a  heavy 

of  improve. 
y  awi.y,  and 
;  before  very 
oar,  and  the 
bo  gone.  It 
with  a  land- 
croon  within 
»l  reply,  that 
those  stately 
id  weathered 
braced  them- 
ro  foiled  and 
lout  a  single! 

remorse. 


ing  along  the 
the  Kayader 
iea,   are  well 

it  grasses  for 
e  above  men' 

i  of  the  coun 
tis  which  have 
ler  rotation  of 
nd  is  found  in 
(Alopeioearus 
ivated  for  hay 


Grains.— Ryo  is  mudi  cultivated  in  many  parts  of 
tho  county,  and  particularly  the  snndy  portions  of  it 
rrowell  a  lapted  to  the  growth  of  this  esculent  grain- 
This  gram  ground,  and  combined  with  corn,  meal, 
makes  a  very  healthy  and  nutritious  bread.  Two  va- 
rieties,  tho  winter  and  spring  rye,  are  cultivated  in  the 

county. 

Wheat.— TWiB  favorite  grain  was  much  cultivated  in 

the  county  in  early  times,    but  in  later  years  it  has 

been  so  much  injured  by  tho  weevil,  that  it  is  but  rarely 

sown.     Tho  spring  whoat  is  less  liUely  to  be  injured  by 

the  insects  than  the  winter  wheat,  but  is  not  considered 

so  good  for  bread,  and  is  but  little  cultivated  at  the 

present  time  ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  tho  county  mainly 

depend  upon  the  western  country  for  their  wheat  flour. 

Oats  are  much  cultivated  in  tho  county,  and  may 

be  said  to  be  one  of  tho  staple  crops.     They  are  mamly 

used  as  feed  for  horses. 

Maize  is  the  most  important  grain  crop  raised  m  the 
county.  Every  farmer  raises  more  or  less  of  it.  It  con- 
stitutes quite  a  large  proportion  of  the  bread  in  the  least 
productive  parts  of  the  county. 

Po/ai!o.— This  plant  is  well  adapted  to  the  climate 
and  soil  of  tho  county.  Largo  crops  of  it  are  culti- 
vated along  the  canals  and  railroads.,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  bushels  every  year  find  their  way  to  New-York 
city  The  potato  enters  largely  into  the  daily  food  of 
all  classes  of  the  people,  and  is  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant  crops  cultivated  in  the  county. 

Buckwheat  is  also  cultivated  to  some  extent. 


120 


■W' 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


fl 


Beans  grow  well  in  most  parts  of  the  county,  and  it 
is  to  bo  regretted  that  they  are  not  more  cultivated  and 
eaten  by  the  laboring  classes  generally. 

Most  of  the  county  is  well  adapted  to  horticulture  ; 
and  all  the  garden  vegetables  usually  cultivated  in  this 
latitude  flourish  in  the  soils  of  this  region. 

It  is  to  be  regretted,  that  in  so  large  a  portion  of  this 
county  there  is  so  much  negligence  on  the  part  of  land- 
holders in  regard  to  private  gardens.  An  increased 
amount  and  variety  of  vegetables  would  add  greatly  to 
the  comfort  of  the  household,  and  a  little  care  in  the 
cultivation  of  flowers  and  ornamental  shrubs,  would 
furnish  healthful  and  pleasant  employment  to  the 
younger  members  of  the  family,  and  greatly  improve 
their  habits  of  observation. 

DRIVES    ABOUT    SARATOGA. 

The  drive  most   commonly  selected  is  to  Saratoga 

Lake.     This  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  and  lies  four 

miles  east  from  the  village  of  Saratoga  Springs.     The 

lake  is  eight  miles  long  and  two  and  a  half  wide.     Its 

main  inlet  is  the  Kayaderasseras  creek,  which  flows  into 

the  lake  through  its  western  bank.     The  water  of  the 

lake  passes  through  Fish  Creek  and  unites  with  that  of 

the  Hudson  river,  at  Schuylerville.     The  western  shore 

of  the  lake  near  its  outlet,  rises  into  a  beautiful  blufif 

of  fifty  feet,  and  on  the  top  of  this  bluff  is  situated  the 

"  Lake  House,"  from  the  piazza  of  which  may  be  had 

a  fine  view  of  the  lake  and  its  eastern  shore,  with  Snake 

Hill. 


The  Lake 

game  dinners 

Persons  fond 

enjoy  their  fa 

ful  lakes  in  i 

are  always 

readiness  to 

may  chance 

Chapman's 

pensed  with, 

along  the  lal 

up  the  hill, 

from  the  to 

eight  feet  al 

em  landscaj 

is  almost  u 

miles  squa 

rapidly  to 

west,  a  disi 

in  the  l^ase 

view  from 

beautifully 

land,  and  i 

ers  are  thi 

few  sunbe 

soape  ;  wl 

Kayadera: 

thousand  1 

along  the 

tain  rises 

its  summ 

peak  witl 


-4 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


121 


;y,  and  it 
'ated  and 

iculture  ; 
ed  in  this 


)n  of  this 
t  of  land- 
increased 
ijreatly  to 
ire  in  the 
bs,  would 
it  to  the 
[  improve 


Saratoga 


d  lies  four 
ngs.  The 
wide.  Its 
flows  into 
iter  of  the 
ith  that  of 
stern  shore 
itiful  bluff 
ituated  the 
lay  be  had 
(vith  Snake 


The  Lake  House  is  a  favorite  eating  place,  where 
game  dinners  are  served  up  in  the  most  -VV^^^^"^;^ 
lersons  fond  of  angling,  rowing.  -  «f  ^"^^'  f^j^^. 
eniov  their  favorite  pastime,  on  one  of  the  nios    beaut  - 
JlLes  in  the  country.     The  bait-fish  and  the  boa  . 
are  always  in  waiting  on  the  shore,  and  cooks  are  m 
readiness  to  serve  up,  at  short  notice,  any  fish  wh.ch 
may  chance  to  be  caught. 

Chapman's  H.u..-The  angling  and  sa.hng  may  be  d.s- 
pensed  with,  and  the  drive  be  extended  across  the  l^nd.e 
along  the  lake  shore  for  a  mile,  where  a  turn  to  the  It 
up  tie  hill,  will  soon  bring  one  to   Chalman  >  Hn .., 
ftom  the  top  of  which,  and  one  hundred  and  e.ghty- 
l^ght  feet  ab'ove  the  level  of  the  lake   a  beaut.fu   wo.U 
em  landscape  IS  spread  before  the  observer.        h     a  « 
is  almost  under  his  feet,  a  mirrored  surface  of  twenty 
miles  sciuare.     The    western   shore  of  the  lake    v.ses 
rapidly  to  the  table-land,  which  spreads   away  to  the 
west,  a  distance  of  ten  or  twelve  miles,  and  is  merged 
in  the  Vase  of  the  Kayaderasseras  mountams,  givmg  a 
view  from  forty  to  fifty  miles  in  extent.     Its  surface  ,s 
beautifully  variegated  with  fallow    rneadow  and  wood- 
land,  and  the  tenements  and  out  bu.ldmgs^o    the  fa  m- 
ers  are  thickly  dispersed  and  reflect,  each  for  itself,  a 
frw  sunbeams,  making  many  bright  spots  m  the  land- 
scape  ;  while  in  the  background,  the  bold  range  of    h 
Kayaierassera.  mountains  rises  to  the  height  of  two 
thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  tide-water,  aiid  stre  ehes 
along  the  horizon  for  fifty  or  sixty  miles.     Ihe  nioun- 
Arises  out  of  the  table-land,  as  its  base,  and  hfts  up 
Tsummit  into  the  sky,  while  the  distance  tints  its 
peak  with  a  most  exquisite  azure. 
^  6 


:;vVs*;. 


122 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


Wagman's  Hill.  —  By  continuing  the  drive  stilt 
farther  in  a  northeastern  direction  for  about  three 
miles,  through  a  rich  farming  country,  a  view  of 
AVah man's  Hill  is  obtained.  This  point  is  fifty- 
seven  feet  higher  than  Chapman's  Hill,  and  com- 
mands a  more  extended  panoramic  view^.  The  Adi- 
roiidac  mountains  appear  in  the  extreme  north,  the 
Kayaderasseras  spreading  a  deep  blue  border  along 
the  western  horizon,  the  Helderberg  and  the  Catskill 
skirtinjT  the  distant  south,  while  the  Grreen  mountain 
chain  borders  the  eastern  view,  each  subdued  and  soft- 
ened by  distance,  as  the  tops  blend  with  the  sky.  This 
very  beautifnl  view  as  it  spreads  away  to  the  north- 
west and  to  the  southwest,  places  within  the  range  of 
the  eye,  one  Ihoiisand  square  miles  of  farming  lands, 
with  waving  grain  and  deep  shaded  meadows ;  the 
mountain  forest,  and  the  wood  lot  of  the  farmer,  cast- 
ing a  cool  shade  across  the  fallow  field,  as  though  to 
protect  it  from  the  scorching  rays  of  a  summer's  sun, 
while  the  Fish  creek,  winding  its  way  to  the  Hudson, 
and  increased  by  many  a  mountain  stream,  enlivens  and 
beautifies  the  whole  of  the  landscape.  This  hill  is 
seven  miles  from  town,  to  which  a  party  can  return,  by 
Stafford's  bridge  and  Avery's  Lake  House,  in  ample 
time  for  dinner. 

Hagkrtv  Hill  is  situated  six  miles  north  of  Saratoga 
Springs,  and  nearly  on  the  plank  road  leading  from  the 
village  to  Luzerne  on  the  Hud.son  river.  It  is  about 
half  a  mile  due  west  from  Greenfield  Centre,  and  com- 
mands a  western,   sonthern,  and   eastern  view.*    .On 

*  This  point  is  eight  huuilrcd  feet  above  tide  water. 


the  west  ris 
mountain,  ej 
south  is  spre 
greens,  and 
mountain  la- 
cast,  a  still 
greets  the  e] 
Almost  u 
cast,  lies  a 
land,  excepi 
over  with 
margined  oi 
range  on  tl 
beautiful  d 
town,  the  r 
a  partial,  ; 
hill,"  midv 
Corners,     j 
taken,  whi( 
These  are 
ry,  and  wi 
materially 
Waring 
within  a  c 
Hill,"  on  \ 
the  distani 
attained  c 
one  of  the 
the  Hudsc 
From  t 
which  ha 


ive  still 
at  three 
view  of 
is  fifty- 
id  com- 
'he  Adi- 
)rt!i,  the 
31-  along 
Catskill 
lountain 
and  soft- 
er. This 
e  north- 
range  of 
g  lands, 
(vs ;  the 
icr,  cast- 
lough  to 
er's  sun, 
Hudson, 
vens  and 
s  hill  is 
)tnrn,  by 
n   ample 

Saratoga 

from  the 

is  about 

ind  com- 

w.* 

er. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SAIIATOOA. 

the  west  rises  the  bold  range  of  the  Kayaderasseras 
mountain,  extending  far  away  to  the  north,  and  to  the 
south  is  spread  out  a  wide  plain,  covered  with  ever- 
greens, and  bounded  by  high  and  broken  ranges  of 
mountain  land  south  of  the  Mohawk  river.  But  to  the 
east,  a  still  more  beautiful  part  of  the  same  landscape 

greets  the  eye. 

Almost  under  the  feet  and  spreading  away  to  the 
cast,  lies  a  deep  basin  surrounded  by  a  high  range  of 
land,  except  to  the  south.     This  basin  is  thickly  dotted 
over  with   farms,   woodland,  villages  and    lakes,   and 
margined  on  its  extreme  east  by  th.^  G-reen  mountam 
range  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson  river.     This  is  a 
beautiful  drive  of  six  miles  out,  and  on  returning  to 
town,  the  road  east  through  Greenville  Centre,  will  give 
a  partial,  yet  very  pretty  view  from  "Meeting-House 
hill,"  midway  between  Greenfield  Centre  and  St.  John  s 
Corners.     At  St.   John's  the  right  hand  road  is  to  be 
taken,  which  leads  over  the  Hkw.t  and  Westcott  Hills. 
These  are  very  pretty  views  of  distant  mountain  scene- 
ry, and  will  impart  a  little  variety  to  the  drive,  and  not 
materially  increase  the  distance  back  to  town. 

Waring  Hill.— The  boldest  and  most  imposing  view 
within  a  convenient  drive  from  the  Springs  is  "  Waring 
Hill,"  on  the  road  to  "  Mount  Pleasant."  Here  within 
the  distance  of  sixteen  miles  from  town,  an  elevation  is 
attained  of  two  thcusand  feet  above  tide-water,  and 
one  of  the  highest  points  of  land  between  the  valley  of 
the  Hudson  and  Lake  Ontario. 

From  this  point  of  observation  all  the  other  views 
which  have  been  previously  noticed,  come  within  the 


124 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


range  of  the  observer's  eye  ;  and  the  far  distant  tops  of 
the  mountains  as  they  gradually  pass  into  the  azu':e 
sky,  present  one  of  the  most  beautiful  landscape  bor- 
derings  anywhere  to  bo  found.  This  view  gives  the 
villages  of  Saratoga,  Ballston  Spa,  Schenectady,  Water- 
ford,  Mechanicsville,  Schuylorville,  and  the  smaller  set- 
tlements generally  through  the  county.  Also  Saratoga 
lake,  Fish  creek,  Owl  pond,  Ballston  lake  and  Round 
lake  ;  together  with  the  winding  stream  of  Kayader- 
asseras,  from  its  source  in  the  sides  of  the  moun- 
tain to  its  (intrance  into  the  Saratoga  lake,  and  the 
whole  course  of  the  Hudson  from  its  confluence  with 
i|  the  Sacandaga,  until  it  is  lost  in  the  midst  of  the  Cats- 

kill  mountains.  These  all  lie  within  the  range  of  the 
eye  of  the  observer  as  he  stands  on  the  top  of  Waring 
Hill.  Hero,  also,  may  be  traced  the  wide-spread  val- 
ley of  the  Hudson,  as  it  lies  between  the  Kayaderas- 
seras  mountain  on  the  west,  the  Green  mountains  on  the 
east,  and  the  Palmerton  setting  in  from  the  north,  dotted 
^  with  woodland  and  cultivated  farms.    And  as  the  clouds 

occasionally  pass  over  the  landscape  and  in  turn  shed  a 
little  darker  hue  on  the  meadow,  the  fallow  and  the 
grove,  an  additional  beauty  to  all  is  imparted,  by  the 
mellow  blending  of  the  varied  tints.  And  when  au- 
tumn comes  and  spreads  its  fallow  leaf  and  tinges  the 
maple  foliage  with  its  high  colorings,  these  commingled 
with  the  evergreens  so  abundant  in  this  county,  impart 
a  beauty  to  this  wild  mountain  scenery  which  is  rarely 
equaled,  and  but  seldom  if  ever  surpassed. 

This  last-mentioned  view  is  obtained  by  a  drive  up 
the  Hadley  plank-road,  of  about  eight  miles,  thence 
along,  the  Mount  Pleasant  plank-road  nearly  up  to  the 


foot  of  War 

mountain  ri 

riages  are  t 

dred  feet  is 

visited  botw 

great  ease. 

advantage  v 

villages  are 

Corinth 

These  falls 

Springs,  in 

mile  from  J 

able  public 

In  order  tc 

necessary  t( 

carriage-Wi 

hundred  fe( 

below  then 

mile  above 

approaches 

narrow  chf 

hundred  ai 

the  stream 

and  the  wi 

which  it  a 

diately  mo 

sixty  feet. 

about  the 

opportunit 

cataract  ii 

»  Since    t 
has  comnien 


IIAND-nOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


125 


t  tops  of 
le  azure 
ipe  bor- 
ives  the 
,  Water- 
lUer  set- 
Saratoga 
d  Round 
{ayader- 
3    rnoun- 
and   the 
loe  with 
the  Cats- 
»e  of  the 
Waring 
read  val- 
lyaderas- 
ns  on  the 
;h,  dotted 
he  clouds 
rn  shed  a 
'  and  the 
d,  by  the 
when  au- 
inges  the 
iTimingled 
;y,  impart 
I  is  rarely 

drive  up 
es,  thence 
up  to  the 


foot  of  Waring  Hill,  six  miles,  tlienoo  to  the  right  by  a 
mountaia  road   for  half  a  mile.     At  this  point  th-i  car- 
ria<re9  are  to  bi)   left,  a.vl  Waring   Hill  of  thro^^    hun- 
dred feet  is  to  bo  ase«nded  oti  foot.     This  view  may  be 
visited  botwe(5a  the  breakfast  and  dimior  hours,  with 
great  ease.     Parties  visiting  it,  may  use  glasses  to  great 
advantage  while  upon  the  mount  lin  ;  f  Jr  many  of  the 
villages  are  not  to  bo  di-^tinotly  seen  by  the  naked  eye. 
Corinth  Faij.s.— .\nr.ther  drive    is    Ci)iiiNrii    Falls. 
These  falls  are  situated  fifteen  miles  north  of  Saratoga 
Sprin-s,  in  the  Hudson  River.    The  cataract  is  about  one 
mile  from  Jessup's  landing.     At  this  village  is  a  comfort- 
able public  house,  and  also  a  convenient  place  to  dme. 
In  order  to  view  the  falls  from  the  Luzerne  side,  it  is 
necessary  to  cross  the  river  at  the  Landing,  and  thence  by 
carria<re-ways  to  the  top  of  the  blulV,  which  rises  one 
hundred  feet  above  the  tails,  or  to  the  bank  of  the  river 
below  them.     The  rapids  in  the  river  begin  about  one 
mile  above  the  cataract,  and  the  stream  narrows  as  it 
approaches  the  precipice,  to  fifty  feet.     Through  this 
narrow  channel  the  water  of  the  stream  is  driven  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  with  groat  force.      At  this  point 
the  stream  suddenly  widens  to  about  one  hundred  feet, 
and  the  water  appears  to  liiU  into  a  deep  chasm,  from 
which  it  again  ascends  in  billows  of  foam,  and   imme- 
diately makes  its  last  leap  over  a  precipice  of  more  than 
sixty  feet.      There  are  tio  improvements  immediately 
about  the  falls.*    The  deep  gorge  above  them  artbrds  no 
opportunity  for  building,  and  the  high  blufY  above  the 
cataract  is  so  situated,  that  any  other  than  private  resi- 

.  Since    this  work  has  been  in  type,  a  company  from  New-York 
has  commenced  improvementa  about  the  Falls. 


^ 


126 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SABATOOA. 


dences  would  he  impracticable.  The  place  is  m  nearly 
its  native  wildness.  The  high  banks  upon  either  side 
„f  the  river  are  covered  with  pine,  c(!dar  and  hemlock  : 
and  the  rocks  are  covered  with  a  variety  of  moss.  The 
lover  of  the  picturesque  will  find  himself  well  repaid 
|\,r  his  time  and  fatigue,  by  a  few  hours'  contemplation 
of  the  wild  beauty  and   lovely  solitude  of  this   fine 

cataract.  . 

Ei.Ms  Spuing.— Another,  pleasant  drive  is  down  the 
Hallston  road  two  miles,  to  the  Ellis  Spring.  This 
.nrin-  is  near  the  railroad,  a  few  rods  from  where  the 
Ballston  highway  crosses  the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady 
railroad,  and  on  the  west  slope  of  the  hill. 

This  sprin"  is  an  acidulous  carbonated  water,  and  is 
in  the  mineral  range.  The  water,  unlike  those  at  Sara- 
to"a,  issues  from  the  slate  rock.  ^ 

From  this  spring,  take  a  westerly  direction  across  the 
pond  up  to  Cady  Hu.t.  At  Cady  Hill  the  right  hand 
road  is  to  be  taken,  and  kept  for  about  two  miles  from 
the  hill.  This  lane  follows  the  banks  of  a  small  stream, 
thickly  wooded  along  its  whole  length.  '  '^^* 

Benf-wct's  Sulphur  Spring.— Just  before  reaching 
a  pond,  a  pair  of  bars  opens  the  way  to  a  large  barren 
field  upon  one  side,  while  a  beautiful  grove  of  evergreens 
in  strong  contrast  occupies  the  other  side  of  the  path- 
way After  following  this  trail  for  twenty  or  thirty 
rods  it  turns  into  the  grove  through  which  it  passes, 
and  leaves  the  observer  at  the  top  of  a  blufi-  about  forty 
feet  in  height.  At  the  base  of  this  bluff  is  a  mineral 
snrin"  strongly  charged  with  sulphur,  known  as  Row- 
laad's  or  Benedict's  Spring.  This  place  is  susceptible 
of  great  improvements,  and  might  be  made  one  of  con- 


siderablo  a' 

quarry  whit 

The  way 

course  purs 

hand  road  i 

bearing  off 

lead  the  wa 

Just  befon 

east,  a  lirm 

aneo.     The 

concentric 

eighteen  in 

not  only  fo 

in  detache( 

formation, 

village  of 

this  impor 

"  Splintep 

about  fort; 

the  juncti 

fresh  \vate 

Two  mile 

Broadway 

making  a 

Stilks' 

had,  by  a 

Palmerto\ 

school-hot 

be  found  a 

*  This  sf 
chnsed  by  oi 
resort. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


l;}7 


I  nearly 
ner  side 
itnlock  : 
3.  The 
I  repaid 
iplation 
lis   fine 

own  the 
5.  This 
here  the 
inectady 

r,  and  is 
at  Sara- 

3ross  the 
rht  hand 
iles  from 
1  stream, 

reaching 
ye  barren 
vergreens 
the  path- 
or  thirty 
it  passes, 
jout  forty 
I  mineral 

as  Row- 
Lisceptible 
le  of  con- 


siderablo  attraction.*     Across   the  ravine  is  a  marble 
quarry  which  has  been  worked  to  a  considorablo  extent. 
The  way  over  the  pond  is  to  bo  taken  and  a  westerly 
course  pnrsaed  for  half  a  mile.    At  this  place  the  right- 
hand  road  is  to  ba  taken,  and  continued  past  two  roads 
bearing  off  to  the  east,  up  to  the  third  road,  vvhioh  will 
lead  th^'e  way  to  the  Hadley  plank-road  at  "  SplintcrviUc,"' 
Just  before    reaching  the   last-mentioned    mad  to  the 
east,  a  limestone  formation  is  passed,  unique  in  appoa  - 
anco.     The  surface  of  the  rocks  is  formed  into  nearly 
concentric  rings,  which  vary   in  size  from  an  inch  to 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter.      This  agate  appearance  is 
not  only  found  in  portions  of  rock  in  the  mass,  but  also 
in  detached  portions  of  various  sizes.     Near  this  oolitic 
formation,  is  Mn-Lica  Hovt's  Lime  Ku,n,  from  which  the 
village  of  Saratoga  Springs    is    mainly   supplied    with 
this  important  article.     On  reaching  the  plank-road  at 
"  Splinterville,"  the  areenfteld  reservoir  may  be  seen 
about  forty  or  fifty  rods  in  an  easterly  direction   from 
the  junction  of  the   two  roads.      From  this  reservoir 
fresh  water  is  brought  in  conduits  to  supply  the  village. 
Two  miles  farther  east  the  plank-road  terminates  in 
Broadway  at  the  Columbian  Hotel.     The  whole  circuit 
making  a  drive  of  about  seven  or  eight  miles. 

Sticks'  Huj..— Another  pleasant  excursion  is  to  bo 
had,  by  a  drive  of  a  few  miles  along  the  east  base  of  the 
Palmertown  Mountain,  to  Eu  Stiles',  thence  near  the 
school-house,  from  a  point  within  a  few  rods  of  which  may 
be  found  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view.  This  view  com- 

*  This  spring,  with  a  fow  ncvos  surrounding,  hns  »)eGn  rece.itly  pur- 
chased by  one  of  our  citizens,  with  a  view  of  makiu-  it  a  place  of  public 
resort. 


itiS 


II AND- BOOK    OF    SARATOGA. 


'%  \ 


Miamls  u  bcimtifnl  lunds.Hipo,  which  to  tho  south  extends 
lilty  m  sixty  milos  down  tho  Mohawk  and  Hudson  rivers. 
To  thf  oast,  is  hold  in  full  view,  tho  beautiful  mountain 
ran-o,  whioh  rises  up  so  i;iiposingly  between  tho  Hud- 
son  and  Oonncoticut  valleys  ;  while  on  tho  north  is  to 
be,  s.'.ui  the  Groon  Mountains  of  Vermont.     This  view 
is  nnc  of  tho  vory  best  which  we  have  of  the  Hudson 
river  valley,   lyioi,'   north  of  its  conlluence    with    the 
Mohawk,  and  commands  tho  wide   plains,  which   are 
spread  out  bntwoen  tho  Kayaderasseras  Mountain  on  the 
west,  and  the  high  range  ..f  land  lying  east  of  the  Hud- 
son   river.      I'heso  plains  wore  covered   with  a   most 
beautiful  growth  of  white  and  yellow  pines,  ami  other 
ever^'reens,  before  tho  woodman's  axe  had  rudely  cut 
the.u  uway,  but  now  ih.>y  arc  nearly   shorn  of  their 
boauty,  with  only  hero  and  there  a  clump  ot  trees  to 
vary  tho  Hat  barren  sand  plain.  - 

The  dillerent  distances  of  the  mountain  peaks  pro- 
duce all  the  variety  of  coloring  which  so  greatly  en- 
hances I  he  interest  (jf  mountain  views. 

There  are  som.'.  large  boulders  to  be  seen  on  the  top 
of  "  Stiles'  hill,"  which  are  also  worthy  of  an  examin- 
ation, having  probably  been  brought  from  the  primitive 
mountains  farther  to  tho  north. 


Acidulous  Spr 
AUmiiv  Count 
AUmny  Wrll. 
Alterative  Us 
Waters  . . 
Aliiminons  So 
Ap|ile  Patent. 
Andrews.  Ash 
Arnold,  Joh'i 
Ashley's  Qiiiii 
Baker's  Falls. 
Ballslon  Fossi 
Ballston  Fonn 
Ballston,  Tow 
Baptist  Societ 

Bath 

"  Douche 
"  Foot  . . . 
"  Hip  . . . . 
.  "  Hot  . . . , 
"  Plunjie  , 
"  Ro-actici 
"  Refrif/ei 
"  Shower 
"  Sponge 
"  Temper 
"    Warm . . 

Bathins 

Baths,  Divers 
Beach,  Miles 
Benedict's  8 
Bilious  Disef 
Boulders  . . . 
Boyd  .V  McC 
Bromine  .  . 
Bryan,  Alexi 
Bur6!ovnc,  G 
Oady  nill... 
Calcareous  S 

,i'         T 

Calcifcrous  i 

Carbonate  of 

of 


xtends 
rivers, 
untaia 
1  Hud- 
;h  is  to 
s  view 
ludson 
th   the 
ch   are 
I  on  the 
e  Hud- 
a  most 
kI  other 
ely  cut 
of  their 
trees  to 

iks  pro- 
atly  en- 

the  top 
examin- 
jrimitive 


1  N  D  E  X  . 


Pag«. 

Acidulous  Springs  77  ' 

Alliiiiiv  Cdiinty 9  I 

AUmny  Wrll lU 

Alterative    Use    of    the    Mincriil 

Waters 82  ; 

Aliiminons  Soils 115  1 

Ap|ile  Patent 7  ; 

Andrews.  Ashaliel 27  ; 

A  mold,  Joh'i 1  f'  I 

Ashley's  Quarry ffi 

Baker's  Falls 107 

Ballslon  Fossils 108 

Ballston  Fountains H5 

Ballston,  Town  of 10 

Baptist  Society,  Suratoga  Sjirings     30 

Bath ,...81,  84,  no 

"     Pouche no  I 

"     Foot !>6 

"    Hip nfi 

.   "     Hot ..  101 

"     Plunge !';! 

"     Re-action Oil 

"     Refrij/erating 0:t 

"    Hhower O.i 

"     Sponge !'(! 

"     Temperate 07 

"    Warm 0« 

Bathing "" 

Baths,  DivrvsLon 01 

Beach,  Miles 27 

Benedict's  Spring 120 

Bilious  Diacases 80 

Boulders    H'^^ 

Boyd  .V  McCulloch   :i4 

Bromine '•** 

Bryan,  Alexander 18 

Bnrgovne,  General 18 

Cady  Hill 120 

Calcareous  Soil H" 

J'         Tufa 39,10 

Calciferous  Sand  Rock 103 

Carbonate  of  Iron 07 

"         of  Lime 61) 


Page. 

Carlionate  of  Magnesia .       (10 

of  Soda 04 

Carlionic  Acid 70 

Cathartic 89 

Charlton,  Town  of U 

Chlori<le  of  Sodium 01 

Chlorosis 8S 

Chronic  KlicumatiMn    83 

Chrysol)eryl HI 

Clarke,  .lotui 44 

Clav  Halls 112 

Clifton  Park,  Town  of l,') 

C'olnmliian  Spring  . . ._ 4.5 

Congress  Hall 24 

(jongn^ss  Spring    42 

Coirstipalion 8!> 

Corinth  Tails 125 

Corinth,  Town  of 13 

Cutaneous  Diseases 81 

Day,  Town  of _     14 

i)iaphoretics 7i),  00 

Disea.ses  of  the  West .     80 

ni\ireties 78,  00 

Drinkin!;  Water  in  the  Wii-.ter 87 

Drives  aliout   Saratoga 120 

Drive  to  Cady   Hill 120 

"      to  Chapman's  Hill 121 

"      to  Corinth  Falls 125 

"      to  Kli  Stiles' 127 

lo  Kllis  Spring 126 

"      to  Hagertv  Hill 122 

"      toHewit  Hill 123 

"      to  .Miller  Hiiyt's J27 

"      lo  Lake  House 121 

"      to  \Va.'inan's  Hill 1'22 

"      to  Waring  Hill 1'23 

Early  Settlements  in  Saratoga. .  .       5 

ICdinhuigh,  Town  of 13 

Eli  Stiles' 127 

Ellis  Spring 120 

Empire  Spring 50 

Evacuant 77 

Ferruginous  Soils 110 


130 


INDEX. 


I'UK<'. 

itm 

107 
lOS 
KIH 

inn 

im 

,  nil 


p»(t»- 


Mimri.l  V..llry._.      ■ '5 


Miri.Tiil  Wiilnr  nnlhinK 

Miilcriil  Walrr,  Use  of  in  \V  mlrr. 

M.in-mi,  Town  of 

MorL'un.  (lulron 

Mount  IMciisiint 

Norllniinliorliind.  . 

N'lillian  I.owis 

Oolite 

Ore,  Iron 

Overtaxed  Urain 

\]    10H    ratcnis 

IH    Pavilion  Konnlain •' 

|2;i    Pavilion ^\ 

1011    I'hum'iU'iiii'  I'll! 


Ill 


l''oril,  .loloi „•     ■      •  •  ■ 

l.-o«.,lHMl  A<l.lrV«.VUo«l"»'l» 

al  I'.iii.i'i'N  I'ii"" 

..        al  |!iilMonS|ia    

at  <)iil»ay 

aHilrn's  KalU 

•I       ut  (iri'i'iilio''! 

"        at  Snnilv  Hill 

"       at  Sarulop.  S|,rini:!i ' 

..         at  SnaUc  Hill H" 

111    Walcrlonl 
(lalwav,  ToNMi  of., 

(lali's,  (irncral ■  • ■ 

Class  WdrkHon  Monnl  I'lraNanl 

Cliii's  Kiill;*  ■• r,;,    i'Dosnliali' of  Iron 

Urams  ol  Savato.a  (  onnly «{;,    ,,,^|,_r^ 

(Iranls  of  Lauil,  &<: . 

<fiav('l    ■ 

Urrnnlicl'l.  To"  '•  "' 

|''oSsilM    of 

Jlmlli'V.TovMi  of ,.';; 

Ila.j.rtv   liai '" 

llalfmooii,  Town  ol 

Ilaniilloll  S|nin'^    .•.•.•• 

lliuU  Koi'U,  SaraM^a  Hpriii: 

lliul.  l!o>'l>  Sprini: 

Ili{>  anil  l-'ool  lialhH 

Hot  ISalli 

Ilnilson  IliviT  Oronp 

lliiilson  liiviT  Slali 


102 

87 

13 

.    18 

.  138 

..     13 

20.  27 

..  104 

..  Ill 

..     87 


7 
47 


118 

8 

8:t 
I'i 

110 

i;i 


as 

CK 
81) 
!)4 


I'hlliisi 

I'liiMEc-  Halh . 

I'olHilain  Kandslonr    .      .    i"^ 

I'roiluclions,  Saratonn  County....   ii" 

Providi'iiri',  Town  of lj» 

Pnlnam,  (iidnon 1«,  .iu 

..    Pnlnam  Spring 

10    gnakrr  Springs 

•21,  Hi    Heed's  Sprini: 

IJi-aclion 

llrfrigeration 

Rheumatism 

Hocks  and  Krtssils ■••■.•• 

Howland's  or  Ilrnodiol's  Spring 

Sandslono,  Caleiferoiis 10'> 

Sandy  Hill,  Fossils  of H" 


;i',t 
;n 
w\ 

101 
1011 
lOo 


58 
37 
.19 
93 
93 
83 
103 
120 


1 1  Ml, lodali-  Potassa   "-    ■j^;;;^,;:,,,,,^.' Potsdam 103 

liilriuluelion •         ^^^    Smis-Soiici  Hotel,  Ballston ii 


lodllK 

lodiiii'  Spriiii;   . 

Iron.Carlionate 

••     MaLMirtii'. 


4!l    Saratoga,  (onnty  ol.  ._ ;' 

07    Saratoga.  Definition  of •* 

11    Saratcva  l-'^kf • '^" 

,        ,    ,                                        08  Saratoga,  Settlement  of.    .... 

,"        M'si-lrvinACo '.     ■     'i»  Saratoga  Springs,  Town  of  .. 

.lan.isM.  MaruiA  "^o Saratoga,  Town  of 

.l.ilinsoo.  Sir  W  il  ,a  n .  ■ .,  ]■■        _,^    ,j-^  ■  ,.^,,^^^,i  p,,;,,,. 

Kayad.;rass..ias  I  .itent ■  Scowlon,  Dirick 

I'^'l^';     }""T 8    Serofnla 


Land  (irant 
i,i'wis,  Xatlian  .... 
r.iineslone,  Trenton 
Livingston,  lli'nry . 
1  Soil. 


. . .  '20,  27 
104 

.■,'. 17 

Magin-sian  Soil ||'' 

l,lai:nelie»)iv ^j.' 

Malta.  Town  ot..    '■' 

Marl.  1)1  posits  of i'^ 

Marvin  .V'  Co..       •  • 

MrCulloch  .t  Boyd 

Milicr   llovl's 

Jtillon,  Town  of 

Mineral  Springs 


28 

34 

127 

11 


5 
U 

10 
28 
16 

84 

9.') 

10.5 

^^^ 105 

SnakeHill"..- \\l 

Soil ]\i 

'•   Aluminous J''^ 

"   Caleiferons jj  ; 

"  Ferruginous ''  ; 

"  Magnesian '•]{! 

"   Silieious ]■}* 

Splinterville 1^^, 


Shower  Bath 
Slate,  Hudson  Uiv 
Slali',  I'tiea 


Springs,  Minrra 
Spring,  ("olunili 

"  Congrea 

"  Kilis.. 

"  Kmpire 

"  (iaylor't 

"  Hamilti 

"  Hiuh  U 

"  Iodine  . 

"  I'avilioi 

"  Putnam 

"  Quaker 

"  Ten .  . 

'■  WllsllUl! 

"       White  S 

Stiles,  Kli 

Steel,  Dr.  .John 

Stillwater,  Tow 

Sulphur  Spring 

Taylor  Brothers 

Temperate  Bath 

Ten  Springs. .  . 

Town  of  Ballstf 

"      of  C'liftoi 

"      of  Corinl 

•'      ofChailt 

"      of  Day.. 

"      of  F>dinhii 

"      of  Galwa 


77  1  Sponge 


Bath . 


INDEX. 


l:!l 


HprinfTS,  Minora! ..  77 

Spriiiu',  ("oluniliinn 4S 

"       Contfriua il 

"       KIlis 30,  12n 

"       Kinpiro 50 

"       (iiiyldr's  or  Wilton 37 

"       llariiiltiiii 4(i 

lliali  llociv 31) 

IimIiiii! 40 

"       I'livilhin 47 

"        I'ulnnni 6H 

yiiakiT 37 

"       Ton _ 3" 

'•       Wiisliinalon  or  While's     .  rifi 

"       White  Hiiliilmr <10 

MtilcH.KIi 1'i" 

Hlrrl,  Dr.  .loliu  II      I!h 

Htiliu liter,  ToHii  (il 10 

Hulplivir  Hpriiig 00 

Tiiylor  UrolliiTH 20 

Tcinprriiti;  Until 07 

Ten  Hprinns 37 

Town  of  liHllsloii lii 

"      of  C'littdii  I'ark 13 

"      of  Corintli 11 

•'      of  CliuHloll 10 

"      ofDay 14; 

"      of  Kiliiiliiirt'h .  13  ] 

"     of  Galway 11 


Town  of  (Irrrtilii'lil 

"      of  Hadlrv 

"      of  Ilollmaii    

■•      ..fMalia 

"      of  Milton 

"      of  Mori'nii , 

"      of  Noriliiinilirrlanil 

'•       i>f  I'riiviili'iiiT 

ol  Sariilo^'a 

"      of  SiUiilojii  Spriiiu'M   .... 

"      of  SlillwiitiT 

"      ol' Walirlonl 

"      of  Wilton     

Trniton  l/iiiU'stoni^.  . I 

I'liioM  Hall 

riMird  Stales  Motel 

Van  Shank  I'alcnt        ' 

Ve-etnlile  rrniliieiion.  A'e \]''' 

Vertical  Si'.iiiiM,  II,  liork.S.  Sp..     ;!'•' 

Warin-  Hill  nr  f'lehl Vl-'' 

Walloii.  Hon.  Heiiiv 3l 

Warm  Math 0^1 

Washiiulon  or  While's  Hiirini;.. ..     !'>■' 

Water    , 7'> 

Waterlnirv,  William '-'0 

Walerloi.l,  'fuwii  of Ill 

While  Snlpliiir  Spriiiii liO 

Wilton  or  ( lavloi's  Spriiii; 37 

Wilton.  Town  of. 13 


-i 


